英译汉方法

tomakeadresstomaketroubletomakeafiretomakealivingastrongmanastrongcaseastrongfaithastrongcontrast一。词义的选择和引申1.3根据词的使用场合确定词义(1)Heisthelastmantocome(2)Heisthelastpersonforsuchajob.(3)Heshouldbethelastmantoblame.(4)ThisisthelastplacewhereIexpectedtomeetyou.•E.g.Iwouldinevitablymakemistakesatonetimeoranotherandoperateonsomeonewhodidn’tneedsurgeryorsitonsomeonewhodid.•E.g.Iwouldinevitablymakemistakesatonetimeoranotherandoperateonsomeonewhodidn’tneedsurgeryorsitonsomeonewhodid.siton是一个动词短语，意思是忽视。不能译成“坐在干事的病人身上”译：我有时会难免出错，给不需要动手术的病人开刀，对需要开刀的病人却忽略了。•2.1根据语义增词•根据汉语的表达习惯，增加原文语义上有而形式上无的成分。•1.Withallhisachievementsheremainsmodestandprudent.•2.Radarisveryimportanttoshipsonthesea.•3.Acarefulcomparisonofthemwillshowyouthedifference.•4.Nuclearradiationhasacertainmysteryaboutit,partlybecauseitcannotbedetectedbyhumansenses.•有些英文句子貌似省略句，实际上什么句子成分也没省，但若直接译成汉语，译文就不清楚，必须按照汉语的习惯表达方法增词。•1.Whichdoyoulikebetter:grammarortranslationexercises?•2.Hehaswrittenseveralarticlesandbooksonhigh-energyphysics.•2.2增加原文省略而译文不能省略的词•为了使语言精练，避免没必要的重复，英语行文中经常省略前文曾出现的词，译为汉语时，为了明白表达愿意，需要把原文中省略的词补译出来。•1.Somemotionsappeartobeverysimple;othersverycomplicated.•2.Wewon’tretreat;weneverhaveandwill.•3.Asweallknow,allmatterconsistsofmolecules,andmoleculesofatoms.•2.3增加表达时态的词•汉语中没有时态变化，要在译文中反映动作发生时间，就要加时间助词副词。•1.IwasjustoversixtywhenIfirstsawYan’anin1946.Ihadknowntwogreatsocialsystems.•2.Wecanlearnwhatwedidnotknow.•3.Thehigh-altitudeplanewasandstillisaremarkablebird.•4.Themoleculesofhydrogengetcloserandcloserwiththepressure.•2.4增加表示名词的词1.Heateanddrank,forhewasexhausted.2.Oxidationwillmakemetalrusty.•Transition•Development•Processing•Preparation•Tension•Backwardness•Modesty•Brutality•Assimilation•若句子中出现名词复数，不译会引起误解，或数的多少有强调的必要，或依汉语的习惯需要说明多数，则需要在译文中加词表明。•1.Inspiteofdifficulties,hesucceededinfinishinghistask.•2.Theyincludesilksandcoloredthread.•3.InAmerica,motorcarfactorieswereclosingdowninearly1961.•4.ForeignersgetdegreesfromChinesecolleges.•2.5翻译抽象名词时要适当增词•在翻译由动词或形容词派生来的英语抽象名词时，通常要根据语境在其后面增添适当的名词，使译文符合译语的表达习惯。•todevelop,development•topersuade,persuasion•Toprepare,preparation•Poor,poverty•Emergent,emergency•Tense,tension例句：1.Theyaresanguineaboutbuildingupanearpeace2.Afterallpreparationsweremade,theplanesflewacrosstheU.S.toSanFrancisco.3.Inthesummerof1969,theAdministrationpubliclyurgedaneasingoftensionswithChina.4.Profanitywastacitlygivenup.5.Thesefightersareabletocopewithvariousemergencies.2.6在形容词前后加上它所说明的名词在翻译英语形容词时，为了使译文清楚流畅，有时需要在形容词前后增加所说明的名词。1.Shewassmallandslightinperson,pale,sandy-haired.2.Theseearlycarswereslow,clumsy,andinefficient.3.Theinventionoftheelectronicwordprocessorwasasgreataninformationrevolutionastheinventionoftheprintingpress.4.Ameliatookthenewsverypalelyandcalmly.2.7具体名词表抽象概念时也要增加适当的名词1.Hefeltthepatriotrisewithinhisbreast.2.Heallowedthefathertobeoverruledbythejudge,anddeclaredhisownsonguilty.2.8增加原文暗含的动词根据原文的具体语境和译文的习惯表达，有时必须在英语的名词前后增加必要的动词。1.Therewerenospeeches,noforeigndiplomats,no“ordinaryChinese”withpaperflagsandbouquetsofflowers.三、抽象名词的译法3.1由动词抽象而来的名词译成动词英语中有名词化的倾向，即用名词表达动作、行为等本来由动词表达的意义。这种词多是动词的同源名词。1、the1967UNdocumentcallsforthesettlementoftheMiddleEastconflictonthebasisofIsraeliwithdrawalfromoccupiedterritoriesandArabacknowledgementofIsrael’srighttoexist.•2.Thegrowingawarenessbymillionsofpeopleoftheirintolerableconditionoflifehadpromotedthemtorevolt.3.2含有动作意义的抽象名词译成动词英语中另一个倾向是许多名词有动词意义或动作意义，这类词汇在译成汉语时通常要译为动词。1.Shesaidthiswithaprovocativeglanceandagleamofteeth.•2.Oneafteranother,speakerscalledforthedownfallofimperialism.3.Anacquaintanceofworldhistoryishelpfultothestudyofcurrentaffairs.3.3抽象名词作主语汉译时要改变其句子成分英语中的抽象名词可做各种成分，而且有一个常见的现象是抽象名词作句子的主语。这与汉语的习惯不同，因为汉语习惯于用表示人或生物的词作主语，在思维方面往往以“人”为中心，认为只有人才能作出有意识的动作或具有有意识的行为。因而，英文中以抽象名词作主语时，含义是要根据上下文予以改变，使汉语表达以“人”为中心。1.Thethoughtofreturningfilledhimwithfear.2.MyshockandembarrassmentatfindingmotherintearsonWednesdaywasaperfectindexofhowlittleIunderstandonpressuresonher.1.4.1保留原主语，被动改主动英语的被动句翻译成汉语的主动句时，往往把原文的主语变成译文的宾语，但有的情况仍然用作汉语句子的主语，只是被动式按汉语的习惯变为主动式。1.Sixmedicalscientistswerehonoredin1973bytheGairdnerFoundationofToronto,Canada,foroutstandingresearch.2.Manybasinswereformedbythesubsidenceoftheearth’scrust.3.Thespeedofthemoleculesisincreasedwhentheyareheated.•1.2.3.4.2无施动者的被动句的译法英语中一些没有指明施动者的被动句，可译成汉语中具有主动形式而含有被动意义的主动句。这类句子在汉语中称之为简化被动态或当然被动句，是汉语中长期形成的一种习惯表达法，其被动含义是不言而喻的。1.Hewasscaredoutofhiswits.2.Themoviewillbeshownagaintomorrow.3.Thenovelhasalreadybeentranslatedintomanylanguages.•1.他吓得魂飞魄散。2.电影明天还要放映。3.这本小说已译成好几种语言。4.3译成汉语无主句有些英语的被动句在译为汉语的主动句式时，不是保留原文的主语，而是译成无主句，更符合汉语的习惯。1.Thematterwasnevermentionedagain.2.Tremendousresearchworkhasbeendonetobringaboutsuchfantasticspeeds.3.Aconsiderableinvestmenthasbeenmadeintheexplorationoftheseadepths.4.Theeducationalreformmustbecarriedthroughtotheend.1.后来再也没提这件事。2.为了达到这样神奇的速度，进行了巨大的研究工作。3.在海底勘探方面进行了巨额投资。4.必须把教育改革进行到底。4.4受动者+被动式谓语+施动者→施动者+主动式谓语+受动者把英语被动句的主语改做宾语，以原句中的施动者作主语这种译法，就是把英语的被动句转换成汉语的如下句式：A.施动者+主动式谓语+受动者Yet,onlyapartofthisenergyisusedbyman.然而，人类只利用了这种能源的一部分。如原句未说出施动者，可以不上大家、人们、有人之类的词做主语。B.施动者+“把”（或“给”等）+受动者+主动式谓语1.Thefamoushotelhadbeenpracticallydestroyedbyth