英语平行结构和比较结构

英语平行结构和比较结构Parallelism&Comparison•连词是一种虚词，它不能独立担任句子成分而只起连接词与词，短语与短语以及句与句的作用。连词主要可分为两类：并列连词和从属连词。•并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组和分句。•从属连词用来引导名词从句和各类的状语从句。一、平行结构,即并列结构：由并列连词连接两个或两个以上对等的语言成分构成。并列结构的连接手段•１）并列连词•２）标点符号•３）并列结构的插入语•在最后一个项目之前插入一个词语，使这个项目处于更加突出的地位。•４）并列结构的对称组合•成对组合的办法使整个结构更加紧凑。•常见的并列连词有：1、表递进关系：and,notonly…butalso…,neither…nor…,not…but…2.选择关系：or，either…or…,otherwise,whether...or3.转折对比关系:but,yet,whereas,while,still4.因果关系：so,for5.并列关系：and,when一、表示平行、递进关系的连词•1.AandB•And连接两个并列成分。and也常位于句首，使上下文联系更紧密。•Thefabricislightandstrong.•Ilikereadingandfishinginmysparetime.Thismodelofthecomputerispowerful,andthepriceiscompetitive.•Itwasaseverewinter.Andwehadnotenoughfoodforourselves.•2.bothAandB•这一结构是and的强化形式，连接的两个成分必须在结构上等同。不能连接句子。•Thenewtaxpolicybenefitsbothworkersandfarmers.•BothesheandIareinterestedinEnglishliterature.•3.notonly…but(also)…不仅……而且……•notonly…but…aswell不仅……而且……也•aswellas和•…and…aswell和•*notonly…but(also)…结构侧重在后者，而aswellas侧重在前者。•NotonlyGeorgebutalsohiswifedidalotforus.•Itissaidthathecanflyaplaneaswellasdriveacar.•Shecanplaypopmusicandclassicalmusicaswell.二、表示选择关系的连词•1.neitherAnorB•这一结构表示否定意义，若连接两个句子可以采用倒装形式。•Einsteincaredforneithermoneynorfame.Youcanneithertakeitoutnorphotocopyit.•*在否定结构中通常用or连接两个并列成分。•Youcannevertakeitoutorphotocopyit.•2.or或者，大约，否则，不然•either…or…或者…….或者……，不是……就是……(either…or…结构是or的强化形式)•Doyoustayathomealoneorgototheatrewithme?•You’llhavetowaitoneortwodaysbeforeyouknowtheresult.•Hurryup,orwe’llbelate.•Haveonemoretry,oryouwon’tbesuccessful.•Eitherhedidn’tspeakclearlyoryoudidn’thearwell.三、表示转折和对比意义的并列连词•but（但是），yet（然而），while（而，却）等•Afterabusyday,Ifelttiredbuthappy.•Difficultieswillariseinthecourseofreforming，butwewillcertainlyovercomethem.•Hewasnotfeelingwell,yethekeptonuntilitwasdone.•Chinaisrichinnaturalresources,whileJapanispoor.四、表示因果关系的并列连词•so（因此，所以），for（因为）•Manydirectorswereabsent,sothemeetinghadtobepostponed.•Hemusthavedonesomethingwrong,fortheheadteachercalledhimtotheoffice.•*so不能与because同时出现在同一句中。For从句主要是对前面的句子作出解释或进行推断，因此for引导的句子不能用于句首。1.Tomistall_________hisbrotherisshort.2.Shegotupearly,________shefailedtobethereontime.3.Itisnotwrongofpeopletopursuewealth;________,theyshouldalsotrytolearntofulfilltheirknowledge.4.Someonemustbecoming,______thedogisbarking.5.Thatwasourfirstlesson,_______shedidn’tknowallournames.whilebutyetforso1.OnedayJohnwaslate,______hismissedthefirstclass.2.Notonlydidhespeakmorecorrectly,_____hespokemoreeasily.3.Thechildrencangowithus,____theycanstayathome.4.Youmusttellthetruth,_________youwillbepunished.5.Eitheryoucandoitbyyourself,______youcanasksomeoneelsetohelpyou.6.Doyouhaveatablefortwo?----I’msorry,_____therearen’tanyseatsnow.andbutalsoorororbutPairedconjunctionsDirections:Addisoraretoeachsentence•1.Boththeteacherandthestudent____here.•2.Neithertheteachernorthestudent___here.•3.Notonlytheteacherbutalsothestudents_____here.areisareErrorAnalysis:PairedConjunctions•1.EitherJohnwillcallMaryorBob.•1.JohnwillcalleitherMaryorBob.•2.NotonlySuesawthemousebutalsothecat.•2.Suesawnotonlythemousebutalsothecat.•3.Ienjoynotonlyreadingnovelsbutalsomagazines.•3.Ienjoyreadingnotonlynovelsbutalsomagazines.•4.Oxygenisplentiful.Bothaircontainsoxygenandwater.•4.Oxygenisplentiful.Bothairandwatercontainoxygen.并列结构的标点符号•由两个以上项目构成的并列结构通常只在最后一个项目之前用并列连词，其他项目之间用逗号连接。•Therearefivetypesofdischargefrommilitaryservice:honorable,general,undesirable,badconduct,anddishonorable.•两个以上项目全用连词连接起来的并列结构，在修辞色彩上给人以悠闲缓慢、延续持久的感觉。•Raisingvegetablespresentsendlessopportunitiesforweedingandthinningandhoeingandwatering.•有时也可全用逗号，在修辞色彩上给人以紧张、急促、明快、利落的感觉。•除了逗号，分号和冒号也能起并列连词的作用。•分号连接两个并列分句，通常表示对比关系。•Golfdemandsthebestoftimeandspace;tennis,thebestofpersonalenergy.•用冒号连接两个并列分句，通常表示下文是对上文的解释和发挥。•Hijackersandkidnappersoffertwoequallyimpossiblealternatives:arefusaltomeettheirtermsmaymeandeathfortheirvictims;meetingtheirtermsmaymeanmorevictimsinthefuture.•在某些连接性副词如accordingly,furthermore,hence,however,nevertheless,therefore等之前通常要用分号，而不用逗号。•Hehadworkedintheforeignservicefortwoyearswithoutleave;hencehewastiredalmostbeyondendurance.•FromarunningstartPedrolaunchedhisbodyintoavigorousracingdrive;however,hewasaboutthirtyfeetfromthepoolatthetime.二、对连接词连接的成分要求：形式对称；功能相同（充当同样的句子成分），时态平衡。•并列平行结构应该是名词和名词，副词和副词，分词和分词，不定式和不定式，动词和动词，句子和句子等的并列，而不能其中一个概念用分词结构表达，而另一个概念用不定式或从句来表达。•比如下面句子就违反了平行结构的准则：•Dosomenicethingsforyourparentsthattheydon'texpectlikecooking,doingthedishes,washingclothes,orcleanthefloors.•“做饭”、“刷碗”、“洗衣服”、“拖地”在本句中应为并列结构作为介词like“像”的宾语，故应用相同的形式，都用动名词，所以应将clean改为cleaning。三、平行结构主要类型•1.名词和名词平行结构•Thepatient'ssymptomswerefever,dizziness,andheadache.•病人的症状是发烧、头晕和头痛。•2.形容词和形容词平行结构•Earlytobedandearlytorisemakesamanhealthy,wealthyandwise.•早睡早起使人健康、富有、聪明。三、平行结构主要类型•3.副词和副词平行结构•Theworkishandsomelyandskillfullydone.•这项工作做得漂亮，有水平。•4.分词平行结构(现在分词与现在分词/过去分词与过去分词)•Theboyswererunning,shoutingandlaughing.•男孩子们边跑，边喊叫着、笑着。（伴随状语）•Theoldmanreturnedhome,disappointedandexhausted.•5.动名词doing平行结构•Henry'sworkisreadingbooksandwritingbookreviews.•亨利的工作是读读书，写写书评。•6.动词不定式平行结构•Ontheotherhand,40%thinkthatfeesshouldbechargedbecauseyouneedmoneytopaygardenersandoth