方言-chinese-dialect

ChineseDialectGroup9GroupMembers•姚韵彭恬静•许丽红赖严情•温淑玲李维玲Headline•BackgroudofChinesedialects•DevelopmentofChinesedialects•ClassificationofChinesedialects•SometypicaldialectsBackgroundofChineseDialectTheformationofChinesedialectismainlybecauseChinaisamulti-ethnic,multi-culturalandmulti-linguisticcountry,with56ethnicgroupsandmorethan80kindsoflanguages.汉族社会在发展过程中出现过程度不同的分化和统一，因而使汉语逐渐产生了方言。现代汉语有各种不同的方言，他们分布的区域很广。现代汉语各方言之间的差异表现在语音、词汇、语法各个方面，语音方面尤为突出。汉语按地位分为两大类：北方话和其他六大南方汉语，北方话由于和通用语之间在语音、词汇、语法十分接近，因此它们不是独立的语言，即现代汉语，英文称作Mandarin-Chinese。其他南方汉语没有官方语言地位，除粤语，客家话，闽南话，北部吴语之外，其他都没有规范化，处于衰落，消失的境地。除了闽语是保留了很多上古汉语OldChinese特征外，其他都和广韵能对应起来，属于中古汉语Middle-Chinese后裔。粤语，客家话，赣语很大程度上是中古汉语的北朝汉语后裔，而吴语，湘语可能是南朝汉语的后裔。HongkongForthousandsofyears,Chinesepeoplespeakinhundredsdifferentdialects,butuseonlyonewrittensystem,HanCharacter(汉字),whichmakesthewrittencommunicationandcultureinheritancepossible.TheseparationofthewrittenandspokenformsoftheChineselanguageprovidesatiethatholdstheChinesepeopletogetherwhilegivesaspacefordifferentexpressionsindailylives.classificationJiangxiDialect•ThemainlydialectinJiangXiprovince:赣语、客家话、江淮官话、西南官话、吴语和徽语。JiangXidialect赣语：•itisthemostmajordialectsofjiangxiprovince,itnotonlycoversthewholeprovinceandtwo-thirdsofthepopulation,andevendistributioninhunan,hubei,anhui,fujian,andpartsoftheneighboringprovince.ChinahavetheseedsofcapitalismOverthedevelopmentofcommodityeconomyduringtheMingandQingDynasties.ThisistheeraforHuimerchants(徽商).AnhuiDialectmainlyusedbypeopleinAnhuiprovinceJiangxiDialectalsocalledgang(赣)dialect,thereare53millionusersintheworld.Kejia（hakka）ancestorslivingintheCentralPlainsatfirst，thenmovetothesoutheast.SouthmigrationprocessbringtheirmothertonguetotheJiangxi,Fujian,Guangdong,Guangxiandothersouthernprovince.Kejiatulou(土楼)GujiaDialect(alsocalledMinnanDialect)mainlyusedbypeopleinFujianandTaiwanProvinces.MinnanDialectisclosesttotheancientChinesespoken2,000yearsago.HunanDialectalsocalledXiang(湘)Dialect,mainlyusedinHunanProvince，therearemorethan25millionusersnowadays.Examples•南京方言词汇–挑子-----小勺子潘西-----美女潘西嫖你带-----骗你的歇掉菜-----完蛋臆怪------恶心，令人不舒服（曾见于《红楼梦》）硬腿子------铁哥们•甩------神经病==CantoneseBeijingDialectForeignerslearningMandarinistheBeijingDialectaccentandtheBeijingDialectclosertotheManchuofficials(满清官员).Therearemany(perhapshundredsof)Mandarindialects.AstheofficiallanguageofMainlandChina,Taiwan,andSingapore,MandarinhasmanyregionalvariationswhichareusuallyreferredtoasMandarindialects.MandarinChineseisalsospokeninMalaysia,Macau,HongKongandmanycountrieswherethereisasizeableChinesepopulation.ThismakesMandarinbecomeoneofthemostwidely-spokenlanguagesintheworld.ThepositivesignificanceofthepromotionofMandarinistomakethepeopleofallnationalitieshaveasamecommunicationtool.MandarinholdstheChinesepeopletogetherwhilegivesaspacefordifferentexpressionsindailylives.BecausethesuccessoftheRevolutionof1911（辛亥革命）SunYat-senwantedtounifiedthenationallanguage，butCantonesejustlostonevotetoBeijingDialectInanelection.(CuzThenorthisunstableandthesouthhadbeendominatedatthattime.)Andthereare100millionCantoneseuserintheworldnowadays.CantonesemainlyusedbypeopleinGuangdongProvinceandHongkong.Inolddays，Cantonesehadthehabittohavethemorningteasincelongtimeago.Theywillsittogethertohaveagoodrestduringtheteatime.Atlasttheleaderwouldpaythebillwiththedishesnumberssincetherewasnobillpaperatthattime.(Oneofthemeaningof“埋”)Well,majorofthemwerewillingtopaythebillatfirst.Someonewouldsay:This’smyturn。another:Well,sitdownplease,it’smyturn.Theotherwouldsay:It’smyturn,guy!!!That’schaoticenough.Sometimesyoucanfindthedialectsaremeaningfulandrelatedwithhistory.TakeCantoneseforexample.Afterthat,cantonesewillpaythebillinadvancetoavoidthat.(Anothermeaningof“埋”)AnotherexampleinBeijingdialect：Originally,PaiGow“牌九”(oldonekindofgambling)likethe“secondboard”(二板)and“Whatfive”(么五)twocards,putthesetwocardstogetheristenpointsasknownasthe“deathten.”（推牌九）ItisthesmallestpointinPaiGow,andnoonesmallerthanit.Sopeopleusethe“fivesecondboard”(shortfor二板and么五）todescribethelazyandstupidpeople.Overtime，the“fivesecondboard”iscalledinto“twohundredsandfifty.”（二百五）TakeShanghaiDialectforexample:Theproductioninmoltenmoney(铸钱)inSongdynastyneedtomakeupsixty-fourWen（文）.Withthetimepassedby,peopleinShanghaiwilldescribeotherswhentheyfindsomeoneinallseriousnessorworkverywell.IappreciateZhoulibolikemanypeople，andShanghaidialectisinterestingformesinceI’veseenthe“LIBOSHOW”ButasIcanhearfromtheelderShanghaipeople,apartoftheyoungergenerationdonotliketousetheShanghaidialectnowadays.Thetimepassby,thegrandparentswilllostthecommunicationwiththemastheirMandarinispoor.AndtheyreallyhopeShanghaiDialectwillbeacceptedbymoreandmorepeople。Withthedevelopmentofmodernsociety,weliveinarapidandmulticulturalsociety.SometimeswecanfindthatChineseandEnglisharemixedtogetherlike:给力vable：usefulandpowerful百year公：anelderman(Cantonese)Whataboutthefamousnetworkwordsin2009:lei(雷)?Beiju（杯具）?Duomaomao（躲猫猫）?Maybesomeofthemhadlostcharmoftheoriginal.Majorpartofthenetworkwordsaremeaningless,SothenetworkwordswilllastedforcenturieslikeCantoneseor