管理经济学中英文术语及其解释

管理经济学中英文术语及其解释Ability-to-Payprinciple(税收的)能力支付原则theideathattaxesshouldbeleviedonapersonaccordingtohowwellthatpersoncanshouldertheburdenAbsoluteadvantage绝对优势thecomparisonamongproducersofagoodaccordingtotheirproductivityAccountingprofit会计利润totalrevenueminustotalexplicitcostAdverseselection逆向选择thetendencyforthemixofunobservedattributestobecomeundesirablefromthestandpointofanuninformedpartyAgent代理人apersonwhoisperforminganactforanotherperson,calledtheprincipalArrow’simpossibilitytheorem阿罗不可能定理amathematicalresultshowingthat,undercertainassumedconditions,thereisnoschemeforaggregatingindividualpreferencesintoavalidsetofsocialpreferencesAveragefixedcost平均固定成本fixedcostsdividedbythequantityofoutputAveragerevenue平均收益totalrevenuedividedbythequantitysoldAveragetaxrate平均税率totaltaxespaiddividedbytotalincomeAveragetotalcost平均总成本totalcostdividedbythequantityofoutputAveragevariablecost平均可变成本variablecostsdividedbythequantityofoutputBenefitsprinciple受益原则theideathatpeopleshouldpaytaxesbasedonthebenefitstheyreceivefromgovernmentservicesBudgetconstraint预算约束thelimitontheconsumptionbundlesthataconsumercanaffordBudgetdeficit预算赤字anexcessofgovernmentspendingovergovernmentreceiptsBudgetsurplus预算盈余anexcessofgovernmentreceiptsovergovernmentspendingBusinesscycle经济周期fluctuationsineconomicactivity,suchasemploymentandproductionCapital资产theequipmentandstructuresusedtoproducegoodsandservicesCartel卡特尔agroupoffirmsactinginunisonCircular-flowdiagram循环流向图avisualmodeloftheeconomythatshowshowdollarsflowthroughmarketsamonghouseholdsandfirmsCoasetheorem科斯定理thepropositionthatifprivatepartiescanbargainwithoutcostovertheallocationofresources,theycansolvetheproblemofexternalitiesontheirownCollusion共谋anagreementamongfirmsinamarketaboutquantitiestoproduceorpricestochargeCommonresources共源goodsthatarerivalbutnotexcludableComparativeadvantage比较优势thecomparisonamongproducersofagoodaccordingtotheiropportunitycostCompensatingdifferential补偿性工资差别adifferenceinwagesthatarisestooffsetthenonmonetarycharacteristicsofdifferentjobsCompetitivemarket竞争性市场amarketwithmanybuyersandsellerstradingidenticalproductssothateachbuyerandsellerisapricetakerComplements互补性商品twogoodsforwhichanincreaseinthepriceofoneleadstoadecreaseinthedemandfortheotherCondorcetparadox孔多塞悖论（投票悖论）thefailureofmajorityruletoproducetransitivepreferencesforsocietyConstantreturnstoscale规模报酬不变thepropertywherebylong-runaveragetotalcoststaysthesameasthequantityofoutputchangesConsumersurplus消费者剩余abuyer’swillingnesstopayminustheamountthebuyeractuallypaysCost成本thevalueofeverythingasellermustgiveuptoproduceagoodCost-benefitanalysis成本收益分析astudythatcomparesthecostsandbenefitstosocietyofprovidingapublicgoodCross-priceelasticityofdemand需求的交叉价格弹性ameasureofhowmuchthequantitydemandedofonegoodrespondstoachangeinthepriceofanothergood,computedasthepercentagechangeinquantitydemandedofthefirstgooddividedbythepercentagechangeinthepriceofthesecondgoodDeadweightloss无谓损失thefallintotalsurplusthatresultsfromamarketdistortion,suchasataxDemandcurve需求曲线agraphoftherelationshipbetweenthepriceofagoodandthequantitydemandedDemandschedule需求表atablethatshowstherelationshipbetweenthepriceofagoodandthequantitydemandedDiminishingmarginalproduct边际产品递减thepropertywherebythemarginalproductofaninputdeclines．AsthequantityoftheinputincreasesDiscrimination歧视theofferingofdifferentopportunitiestosimilarindividualswhodifferonlybyrace,ethnicgroup,sex,age,orotherpersonalcharacteristicsDiseconomiesofscale规模不经济thepropertywherebylong-runaveragetotalcostrisesasthequantityofoutputincreasesDominantstrategy占优策略astrategythatisbestforaplayerinagameregardlessofthestrategieschosenbytheotherplayersEconomicprofit经济利润totalrevenueminustotalcost,includingbothexplicitandimplicitcostsEconomics经济学thestudyofhowsocietymanagesitsscarceresourcesEconomiesofscale规模经济thepropertywherebylong-runaveragetotalcostfallsasthequantityofoutputincreasesEfficiency效率thepropertyofsocietygettingthemostitcanfromitsscarceresourcesEfficiencywages效率工资above-equilibriumwagespaidbyfirmsinordertoincreaseworkerproductivityEfficientscale有效规模thequantityofoutputthatminimizesaveragetotalcostElasticity弹性ameasureoftheresponsivenessofquantitydemandedorquantitysuppliedtooneofitsdeterminantsEquilibrium均衡asituationinwhichthepricehasreachedthelevelwherequantitysuppliedequalsquantitydemandedEquilibriumprice均衡价格thepricethatbalancesquantitysuppliedandquantitydemandedEquilibriumquantity均衡数量thequantitysuppliedandthequantitydemandedattheequilibriumpriceEquity平等thepropertyofdistributingeconomicprosperityfairlyamongthemembersofsocietyExcludability排他性thepropertyofagoodwherebyapersoncanbepreventedfromusingitExplicitcosts显性成本inputcoststhatrequireanoutlayofmoneybythefirmExports出口goodsproduceddomesticallyandsoldabroadExternality外部性theuncompensatedimpactofoneperson’sactionsonthewellbeingofabystanderFactorsofproduction生产要素theinputsusedtoproducegoodsandservicesFixedcasts固定成本coststhatdonotvarywiththequantityofoutputproducedFreerider免费搭车者apersonwhoreceivesthebenefitofagoodbutavoidspayingforitGametheory博弈论thestudyofhowpeoplebehaveinstrategic