园林树木学被子植物门3

海桐科Pittosporaceae海桐PittosporumtobiraShruborsmalltree;leavesobovate,thickandleathery,marginsrevolute;flowerswhitetolemon-yellow,fragrant,to1/2inchlong,inmany-floweredumbellateclusters;capsule3-valved,globose,tomentose.海桐科Pittosporaceae•海桐P.tobira•常绿灌木或小乔木，高2—6m，树冠圆球形.叶革质，互生，倒卵形、椭圆形，缘反卷，全缘，无毛。表面深绿而有光泽，顶生伞房花序，花白色或黄绿色，蒴果，种子鲜红色。花期5月。南方树种,耐荫性很强，喜光。对土壤要求不严格，抗海潮风，抗有毒气体，耐修剪。播种，扦插都行。枝叶繁茂，园球形，观叶树种，蒴果开裂露出红色种子。还可做房屋基础种植及绿篱材料。孤植，丛植于草坪、道边、林缘,对植于门旁，列植，路边也很合适。悬铃木科PlatanaceaePlatanaceaeisafamilyoffloweringplants.Thefamilyhasonlyonegenusplatanus.Thisgenushassixtosevenspeciesoftalltrees.ThetreesgrownaturallyintemperateandsubtropicalregionsoftheNorthernHemisphere.Inallspecies,theflowersgrowindensegroupsofsmallflowers.Thefruitsaresmallacheneswithhairsnearthebase.本科一属，约6—7种，中国3种。落叶乔木，树干皮呈片状剥落；单叶互生，柄下芽；头状花序，下垂，聚合果呈球形。•法桐(三球悬铃木)球果3—6个一串,有刺毛,叶5—7裂深至中部或更深,花期4—5月。•美桐(一球悬铃木)球果常单生,无刺毛,叶3—5浅裂,中部裂片的宽度大于长度。•英桐(二球悬铃木)前两种的杂交种,球果常2个一串,亦偶尔有单生的,叶3—5裂,中部裂片的长度与宽度近于相等,本种为中国栽培的多。无球果品种少毛品种•习性:阳性树种，喜温暖的气候，有一定的耐寒能力，北至北京可整地栽培。对土壤的适应能力极强，耐干旱，耐水湿,萌芽能力强、耐修剪，很耐重剪，抗烟强，对SO2、CI2等有毒气体有较强的抗性，英桐抗性最强，根系浅，怕台风。•繁殖:播种法和扦插法都容易。扦插有一个假活现象，扦插后生长一节后，叶子下垂，而根未生长。观赏特性及园林用途:树型雄伟端正，叶大荫浓，树冠广阔，干皮光洁，繁殖容易抗性强,有“行道树之王”的美称。但在应用时应注意其幼叶上有大量星状毛，吸入呼吸道易得肺炎，故勿种植在幼儿园等地。小檗属Berberis•Thegenusischaracterisedbydimorphicshoots,withlongshootswhichformthestructureoftheplant,andshortshootsonly1-2mmlong.Theleavesonlongshootsarenon-photosynthetic,developedintothree-spinedthorns3-30mmlong;thebudintheaxil叶腋ofeachthorn-leafthendevelopsashortshootwithseveralnormal,photosyntheticleaves.Theseleavesare1-10cmlong,simple,andeitherentire,orwithspinymargins.Onlyonyoungseedlingsdoleavesdeveloponthelongshoots,withtheadultfoliagestyledevelopingaftertheyoungplantis1-2yearsold。•Theflowersareproducedsinglyorinracemesofupto20onasingleflower-head.Theyareyellowororangewithsixsepalsandsixpetalsinalternatingwhorlsofthree,thesepalsusuallycolouredlikethepetals.Thefruitisasmallberry,ripeningredordarkblue,oftenwithapinkorvioletwaxysurfacebloom;theymaybeeitherlongandnarrow(likeabar,hence'barberry')orinotherspecies,spherical.Theberriesareedible,andrichinvitaminC小檗科Berberidaceae•灌木或多年生草本，叶多互生，花两性整齐，花萼花瓣相似，2—多轮，1轮3枚，浆果或蒴果。•枝常具枝刺，刺针状分叉，有长短枝，长枝（幼枝）互生，短枝簇生，花黄色，浆果红黑。•约500种，中国约200种，多分布西部及西南部，各种根茎皮中含有小檗碱，可制黄连素，多数种可供庭园观赏。小檗（日本小檗）Berberisthunbergii叶全缘，花1—5朵成簇生状，伞形花序，叶小匙形，0.5—2cm，果熟亮红，变型紫叶小檗，常开紫红色和绿色。草地配植效果好。天安门前有紫叶小檗.矮紫叶小檗，30cm以下。小檗属阿穆尔小檗Berberisamurensis刺分3叉，叶边缘有齿,叶缘有刺毛状细锯齿，叶5—10cm。花瓣先端微凹，花序10—25朵排下垂，总状花序。果熟亮红。刺檗B.vulgris小枝较粗，有沟槽，幼时黄色或黄红色，次年变灰色，刺3叉，叶缘刺状锯齿，花黄色花瓣先端不凹，果红色或紫，味酸。紫叶刺檗常年深紫色。迪氏小檗迪氏小檗金花小檗十大功劳属MahoniaMahoniatypicallyhavelarge,pinnateleaves10-50cmlongwith5-15leaflets,andflowersinracemes(5-20cmlong).Leavesarealternatelyarranged.常绿灌木，奇数羽状复叶，互生，叶小，缘具刺齿,花黄色，总状花序数条簇生，萼片9，3轮，花瓣6，2轮，雄蕊6。浆果暗紫色，被白毛。100种，中国40种。十大功劳Mahoniafortunei•十大功劳Mahoniafortunei小叶5—9枚，狭披针形，缘有刺齿6—13对。•阔叶十大功劳M.bealei小叶7—15枚，卵形或卵状椭圆形，缘有刺齿2—5对，习性耐荫。华北盆栽。阔叶十大功劳M.bealei南天竹Nandinadomenstica•Itisanerectshrubgrowingto2mtall,withnumerous,usuallyunbranchedstemsgrowingfromtheroots.Theleavesareevergreen(sometimesdeciduousincolderareas),50-100cmlong,bi-totri-pinnatelycompound,withtheindividualleaflets.Theyoungleavesinspringarebrightlycolouredpinktoredbeforeturninggreen;oldleavesturnredorpurpleagainbeforefalling.Theflowersarewhite,borneinearlysummerinconicalclustersheldwellabovethefoliage.Thefruitisabrightredberry5-10mmdiameter,ripeninginlateautumnandoftenpersistingthroughthewinter南天竹Nandina•常绿灌木，2—3回羽状复叶，互生，中轴有关节，小叶全缘，花小而白色，成顶生圆锥花序，花期5—7月，浆果球形，鲜红色。变种白果、紫果南天竹。•习性：喜半荫，最好上午见光，中午和下午要庇荫，强光下也能生长，叶发红。•观赏及用途：茎干丛生，枝叶扶疏，秋冬叶色变红，果实红色，经冬不落，观果，墙角，园路转角，常与山石搭配。