园林树木学被子植物门7

合瓣花亚纲柿树科Ebenaceae6属，450种，主要分布于热带和亚热带地区，我国2属41种。Thespeciesaremostlyevergreenandnativetothetropicsandsubtropics,withafewdeciduousspeciesnativetotemperateregions.柿树科Ebenaceae柿属DiospyrosDiospyrosgenusspeciesaretreesandshrubs,eitherdeciduousorevergreen.Theleaves,whichlackteeth,areusuallybornealternatelyonoppositesidesofthetwig.Thefruitisalargejuicyberrywith1to10seeds.Somemembersofthegenusarevaluablefortheirtimber,particularlyseveralspeciesofebony.落叶或常绿乔木或灌木，无顶芽；叶互生,花单性罕杂性，花为4-5基数，萼常4裂，绿色，花冠形成钟，白色浆果肉质，基部有肿大的宿萼。200种，分布热带至暖温带，我国40种。柿树Diospyroskaki•落叶乔木，树冠为自然半圆形，无顶芽，树皮暗灰色，裂成长方形小块片固着树上。叶椭圆形、阔椭圆形，表面暗绿色，有光泽，雌雄异株，或杂性同株。花四基数，黄白色，浆果卵圆形或扁球形，橙黄色或鲜黄色，花萼宿存。花期5-6月，果熟9-10月。•原产我国，分布很广，长江流域，喜湿又耐旱.阳性树，喜光，根系为深根系，也很耐寒，亚热带果树中最耐寒树木.柿树寿命长，300年的老树仍可结果.对有毒气体能吸收.栽培历史有3000年之多。•树形优美，叶大荫浓，广展如伞，夏日一片浓绿.秋叶变红，红橙色大果悬于绿荫丛中，饶有风趣.11月叶落，红果还挂在枝头，极为美观.还可园林结合生产观叶，观花，还可结合生产。君迁子(黑枣软枣红蓝枣)Diospyroslotus•落叶乔木，树皮灰色，花淡橙色或绿白色.果球形或圆卵形，径1.2-1.8cm，成熟蓝黑色.外披白粉，萼宿存，花期4-5月，果熟9-10月，性强健，喜光，耐半荫，耐寒及耐旱性比柿树强，很耐湿，寿命长，常做柿树嫁接砧木.雄雌木犀科oleaceaeThisfamilyspeciesareshrubs,treesandoccasionallyvines.LeavesThefamilyischaracterisedbyoppositeleavesthatmaybesimpleorcompound(eitherpinnateorternate),withoutstipule•Theleavesmaybeeitherdeciduousorevergreen,withevergreenspeciespredominatinginwarmtemperateandtropicalregions,anddeciduousspeciespredominatingincolderregions.Flower•Theflowersaremostoftenbisexualandactinomorphic(辐射对称的）,occurringinpanicles,racemesorpanicles,andoftenfragrant.Thecalyxwhichmayormaynotbepresent,andthecorollaaresynsepalousandfour-lobed.Theandroeciumhas2stamensinsertedintheperigynouszoneandalternatewiththelobes.Thestigmasaretwo-lobed.•Thegynoeciumconsistsofacompoundpistilwithtwocarpels.Theovaryissuperiorwithtwolocules,eachofwhichbearingtwoaxillaryovules.Sometimesthebaseoftheovaryiscircledbya.Theplantsaremostoftenhermaphroditebutsometimespolygamomonoecious.Fruit•Oleaceaefruitcanbeberries,drupes,capsulesorsamaras.木犀科oleaceae灌木和乔木；叶对生花两性，花萼4，花瓣全为4-6-（9）裂，雄蕊两枚果为核果、蒴果、浆果或翅果。本科不少种类为观赏树种，约29属600余种。中国12属200种左右。雪柳属Fontanesia•共两种，中国1种•雪柳F.fortunei形态特征：落叶灌木，树皮灰黄色，小枝细长，四棱形，叶披针形或卵状披针形，长3-12cm，端渐尖，叶柄短。花绿白色，翅果扁平，倒卵形，花期5-6月。雪柳属Fontanesia•共两种，中国1种•FontanesiaisagenusoffloweringplantsinthefamilyOleaceae,usuallytreatedascomprisingasinglespeciesFontanesiaphilliraeoides,thoughsomeauthorssplitthisintotwospecies.•Itisadeciduousshrubgrowingto8mtall.Theleavesareopposite,lanceolatetonarrowovate,withanacuteapexandausuallyentiremargin,sometimesfinelyserrated.Theflowersarewhite,withadeeplyfour-lobedcorolla;theyareproducedinpanicles2–6cmlong.Thefruitisaflatsamara,surroundedbyawing•（一）形态特征：落叶灌木，树皮灰黄色，小枝细长，四棱形，叶披针形或卵状披针形，长3-12cm，端渐尖，叶柄短。花绿白色，翅果扁平，倒卵形，花期5-6月。雪柳F.fortunei白蜡树属FraxinusAllthegenusFraxinusspeciesare.Theashesareusuallymediumtolargetrees,mostlydeciduous.Theleavesareopposite(rarelyinwhorlsofthree),andmostlypinnately-compound.Theseeds,popularlyknownaskeys,areatypeoffruitknownasasamara.多为落叶乔木，奇数羽状复叶对生，小叶常具齿，花小，杂性或单性，雌雄异株，组成圆锥花序（花冠有时缺，存在时通常浅裂，裂片2-4）/翅果的翅在果顶伸长。约70种，主要分布在温带地区。中国20余种，各地有分布。白蜡树F.chinensis花序生于当年生枝顶及叶腋，叶后开放，小叶7枚，翅果倒披针形。温带树种，喜温暖湿润气候，耐寒性强，耐水湿，抗烟尘及有毒性气体，耐盐碱，树形端直，枝叶密，秋叶变黄非常漂亮，变色期1周。可做行道树，（北林前）植与湖边、河岸都好。秋叶、倒影。孤树也很好（陶然亭）白蜡美国白蜡右洋白蜡(大叶白蜡、美国白蜡)F.Americana•花序生于2年枝上，先叶开放，小叶7-9枚，叶痕上缘明显下凹，翅果长3-6cm，•原产北美，我国引种面广。•秋季变色期8天左右，从个别叶发黄到落完不到1个月，落叶期间5-6天落完。落叶整齐。•作行道树好，扫叶容易。常做行道树和庭荫树。水曲柳F.mandshurica•花序生于2年生侧枝，先叶开放，小叶3-7枚，多无小叶柄，小叶基部密生黄褐色绒毛。•分布东北、华北，耐寒性强，喜潮湿但不耐水涝。常做行道树、庭荫树，湖边河岸绿化。绒毛白蜡F.velutina•花序生于两年生侧枝，先叶开放，小叶3-7枚，常5枚，有小叶柄翅果较短，一般2-3cm。•原产北美，引种后，天津种植最多。本种耐水涝，不择土壤，耐盐碱，抗污染强。天津盐碱土，许多不长。对沿海城市很适用。连翘属ForsythiaTheyaredeciduousshrubstypicallygrowingtoaheightof1–3m.Theleavesareopposite,usuallysimplebutsometimestrifoliatewithabasalpairofsmallleaflets;themarginisserratedorentire.Theflowersareproducedintheearlyspringbeforetheleaves,brightyellowwithadeeplyfour-lobedcorolla,thepetalsjoinedonlyatthebase.Thefruitisadrycapsule,containingseveralwingedseeds.连翘属Forsythia•落叶灌木，枝髓中空或成片状，叶对生，单叶少有羽状3出复叶，。花1-3朵生于叶腋，先叶开放，萼4浅裂，花冠黄色4裂。雄蕊2，蒴果卵圆形。•共7种，中国4种，西北至东北和东部。连翘Forsythiasuspense落叶灌木，干丛生，直立。枝开展拱形下垂，髓中空，单叶，有时为3子叶，对生。花先叶开放，花期4—5月。变种：垂直连翘枝的下垂通常可匍匐地面，而在枝梢生根，花冠裂片较宽。三叶连翘叶通常为3子叶或3裂，花冠裂片窄，常扭曲。金钟花Forsythiaviridissima•小枝髓薄片状，单叶对生。中部以上有粗锯齿，花深黄色。习性，繁殖，应用同连翘。金钟连翘，杂交种，性状介于二者之间。枝具髓，叶三裂或四裂，花色不一。丁香属Syringa•Theyaredeciduousshrubsorsmalltrees.•Theleavesareopposite(occasionallyinwhorlsofthree)inarrangement,andtheirshapeissimpleandheart-shapedtobroadlanceolateinmostspecies,butpinnateinafewspecies(e.g.S.protolaciniata,S.pinnatifolia).•Theflowersareproducedinspring,eachflowerwithafour-lobedcorolla,thecorollatubenarrow.Theusualflowercolourisashadeofpurple(oftenalightpurpleorlilac),butwhiteandpalepinkarealsofound.Theflowersgrowinlargepanicles,andinseveralspecieshaveastrongfragrance.Floweringvariesbetweenmidspringtoearlysummer,dependingonthespecies.Thefruitisadry,browncapsule,splittingintwoatmaturitytoreleasethetwowingedseeds丁香属Syringa•落叶灌木或小乔木，枝为假二叉分枝。叶对生或多单叶，全缘，稀羽状深裂（波斯丁香，裂叶丁香）。花两性，组成顶生或侧生圆锥花序，花冠漏斗状具深浅不等4裂片，也有5（少数）。蒴果长圆形。•约30种，分布于亚洲和欧洲。中国产20余种。西南至东北各地都有。紫丁香Syringaoblata•灌木或小乔木，叶广卵圆形，基部心形，全缘。圆锥花序长6—15cm，花冠黄紫色，花期4月。分布东北，华北，西南，朝鲜也有。•变种：•（1）白丁香，花白色，叶较小。•（2）紫萼丁香，花序