英国文学史-名词解释

名词解释1．Romance:alongcomposition,inverseorinprose,describingthelifeandadventuresofanoblehero,especiallyfortheknight.ThemostpopularthemeemployedwasthelegendofKingArthurandtheroundtableknight.2．Renaissance:arevivalorrebirthoftheartisticandscientificrevivalwhichoriginatedinItalyinthe14thcenturyandgraduallyspreadalloverEurope.Ithastwofeatures:athirstingcuriosityfortheclassicalliteratureandkeeninterestinactivitiesofhumanity.3．Sonnet:14-linelyricpoem,usuallywritteninrhymediambicpentameter.4．Enlightenment:arevivalofinterestintheoldclassicalworks,logic,order,restrainedemotionandaccuracy.5．Neoclassicism:theEnlightenmentbroughtaboutarevivalofinterestinGreekandRomanworks.ThistendencyisknownasNeoclassicism.6．Romanticism:imagination,emotionandfreedomarecertainlythefocalpointsofromanticism.Theparticularcharacteristicsoftheliteratureofromanticisminclude:subjectivityandanemphasisonindividualism;freedomfromrules;solitaryliferatherthenlifeinsociety;thebeliefsthatimaginationissuperiortoreason;andloveofandworshipofnature.7．ByronicHeroes:avariantoftheRomanticheroesasatypeofcharacter(enthusiasm,persistence,pursuingfreedom),namedaftertheEnglishRomanticPoetGordonByron.8．Realism:seekstoportrayfamiliarcharacters,situations,andsettingsinarealisticmanner.Thisisdoneprimarilybyusinganobjectivenarrativepointofviewandthroughthebuildupofaccuratedetail.9．Aestheticism:anartmovementsupportingtheemphasisofaestheticvaluesmorethansocio-politicalthemesforliterature,fineart,musicandotherarts.10．Stream-of-Consciousness:itisaliterarytechniquethatpresentsthethoughtsandfeelingsofacharacterastheyoccurwithoutanyclarificationbytheauthor.Itisanarrativemode.11．Epic:alongnarrativepoemtellingaboutthedeedsofagreatheroandreflectingthevaluesofthesocietyfromwhichitoriginated.一、TheAnglo-Saxonperiod(449-1066)1、这个时期的文学作品分类：pagan(异教徒)Christian(基督徒)2、代表作：TheSongofBeowulf《贝奥武甫》(nationalepic民族史诗)采用了隐喻手法3、Alliteration押头韵（写作手法）例子：ofmanwasthemildestandmostbeloved,Tohiskinthekindest,keenestforpraise.二、TheAnglo-Normanperiod(1066-1350)Canto诗章1、romance传奇文学2、代表作：SirGawainandtheGreenKnight(高文爵士和绿衣骑士)是一首押头韵的长诗三、GeoffreyChaucer(1340-1400)杰弗里.乔叟时期1、thefatherofEnglishpoetry英国诗歌之父2、heroiccouplet英雄双韵体：averseunitconsistingoftworhymed(押韵)linesiniambicpentameter(五步抑扬格)3、代表作：theCanterburyTales坎特伯雷的故事(英国文学史的开端)大致内容：thepilgrimsarepeoplefromvariouspartsofEngland,representativesofvariouswalksoflifeandsocialgroups.朝圣者都是来自英国的各地的人,代表着社会的各个不同阶层和社会团体小说特点：eachofthenarratorstellshistaleinapeculiarmanner,thusrevealinghisownviewsandcharacter.这些叙述者以自己特色的方式讲述自己的故事，无形中表明了各自的观点，展示了各自的性格。小说观点：hebelievesintherightofmantoearthlyhappiness.Heisanxioustoseemanfreedfromsuperstitions(迷信)andablindbeliefinfate(盲目地相信命运).他希望人们能从迷信和对命运的盲从中解脱出来。4、PopularBallads大众民谣：astoryholdin4-linestanzaswithsecondandfourthlinerhymed(笔记)Balladsareanonymousnarrativesongsthathavebeenpreservedbyoraltransmission(书上).歌谣是匿名叙事歌曲,一直保存着口头传播的方式。代表人物：BishopThomasPercy托马斯.帕希主教代表作：RobinHoodandAllin-a-Dale罗宾汉和阿林代尔四、TheRenaissance(16世纪)文艺复兴时期（GreekandRoman）戏剧drama诗章cantoThetermRenaissanceoriginallyindicatedarevivalofclassical(GreekandRoman)artsandsciences.文艺复兴最初是指经典艺术和科学在英国的复兴。TheepochofRenaissancewitnessedaparticulardevelopmentofEnglishdrama文艺复兴时期的英国戏剧也得到了迅速的发展。1、keywork:humanism人文主义：admirehumanbeautyandhumanachievement2、代表人物：1)、ThomasMore托马斯.莫尔Utopia乌托邦2)、FrancisBacon弗朗西斯.培根第一个散文家(essayist)3)、ThomasWyatt托马斯.怀亚特引入十四行诗的第一人sonnet(十四行诗)：formofpoetryintricatelyrhymed(间隔押韵)in14linesiambicpentameter4)、EdmundSpenser埃德蒙.斯宾塞poet’spoet(诗人中的诗人)TheFairyQueen《仙后》(epicpoem史诗)5)、ChristopherMarlowe克里斯托弗.马洛blankverse(无韵体：不押韵的五步抑扬格)是十六世纪英国戏剧的主要表现形式。6)、WilliamShakespeare威廉姆.莎士比亚戏剧drama四大悲剧：Hamlet(哈姆雷特)，Othello(奥赛罗)，KingLear(李尔王)，TheTragedyofMacbeth(麦克白)五、theperiodofRevolutionandRestoration(17世纪)资产阶级革命与王权复辟prose散文1、文学特点：thePuritans(清教徒)believedinsimplicityoflife、disapprovedofthesonnetsandthelovepoetry、breakingupofoldideals.清教徒崇尚俭朴的生活、拒绝十四行诗和爱情诗、与旧思想脱离。2、代表人物：1)、JohnDonne约翰.多恩“metaphysical”poets(玄学派诗人)的代表人物sonnet十四行诗《Deathbenotproud》(笔记)2)、JohnMilton约翰.弥尔顿agreatpoet诗人（poem诗歌blankverse）《DefensefortheEnglishPeople》为英国人辩护《ParadiseLost》失乐园“Satanisnotavillain”撒旦不是坏人《ParadiseRegained》复乐园)、JohnBunyan约翰.拜扬agreatprosewriter“giveustheonlygreatallegory(寓言)”Pilgrim’sProgress》天路历程prose散文六、TheAgeofEnlightenment(18世纪)启蒙运动prose散文1、Emphasizedformalityorcorrectnessofstyle,towriteproselikeAddison,orverselikePope.强调正确的格式和写作规范，像艾迪生一样创作散文，和蒲柏一样创作诗歌。TheEnlightenmentwasanexpressionofstruggleofthethenprogressiveclassofbourgeoisieagainstfeudalism.启蒙运动实际上是当时先进的资产阶级同落后的封建主义斗争的一种形式。Theenlightenersrepudiatethefalsereligiousdoctrinesabouttheviciousnessofhumannature,andprovethatmanisbornkindandhonest,andifhebecomesdepraved,itisonlyduetotheinfluenceofcorruptedsocialenvironment.启蒙主义者颠覆了宗教所宣扬的人类本恶的观点；论证了人生诚实而友善，而腐化堕落则是后天腐败的社会环境所致。Contrarytoallreasoning,socialinjusticestillheldstrong,foundthepowerofreasontobeinsufficient,andthereforeappealedtosentimentasameansofachievinghappinessandsocialjustice.无论怎样讲究理性，社会不平等现象仍然普遍存在，理性的力量明显不足。因此呼吁把情感的诉求作为一种谋求幸福和社会公平的手段。2、18thcentury文学的三个方面：Classicism(古典主义)、revivalofrom