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1j英语(二)下册课文中英文对照翻译UnitOneWhatIsaDecision?何为决策?Adecisionisachoicemadefromamongalternativecoursesofactionthatareavailable.Thepurposeofmakingadecisionistoestablishandachieveorganizationalgoalsandobjectives.Thereasonformakingadecisionisthataproblemexists,goalsorobjectivesarewrong,orsomethingisstandinginthewayofaccomplishingthem.决策是一种选择,来自可以获得的、任择其一的行动步骤。作决策的意图是要确立和实现机构的目标和目的。作决策的原因是有问题存在、目标和目的不正确、或者有某种东西妨碍目标或目的的实现。Thusthedecision-makingprocessisfundamentaltomanagement.Almosteverythingamanagerdoesinvolvesdecisions,indeed,somesuggestthatthemanagementprocessisdecisionmaking.Althoughmanagerscannotpredictthefuture,manyoftheirdecisionsrequirethattheyconsiderpossiblefutureevents.Oftenmanagersmustmakeabestguessatwhatthefuturewillbeandtrytoleaveaslittleaspossibletochance,butsinceuncertaintyisalwaysthere,riskaccompaniesdecisions.Sometimestheconsequencesofapoordecisionareslight;atothertimestheyareserious.因此,作决策的过程对管理人员来说至关重要。管理者所做的每件事几乎都与决策有关,事实上,有些人认为管理过程就是作决策。尽管管理者不能预测未来,但他们所作的许多决策都要求他们考虑将来可能发生的事情。通常情况下,管理者必须对未来情况作出最佳估测,并且努力要使偶然事件尽可能少地发生,但是,由于不确定的因素一直存在,所以,决策总是与风险为伴。有时候,拙劣决策的后果并不严重,但在另外一些时候则是非常严重了。Choiceistheopportunitytoselectamongalternatives.Ifthereisnochoice,thereisnodecisiontobemade.Decisionmakingistheprocessofchoosing,andmanydecisionshaveabroadrangeofchoice.Forexample,astudentmaybeabletochooseamonganumberofdifferentcoursesinordertoimplementthedecisiontoobtainacollegedegree.Formanagers,everydecisionhasconstraintsbasedonpolicies,procedures,laws,precedents,andthelike.Theseconstraintsexistatalllevelsoftheorganization.选择是指从多个可能性中挑选的机会。如果没有选择,就毋须作决策。作决策就是挑选的过程,许多决策的选择范围很广。例如,一个学生为了获得学位,他可能会从许多不同的课程中选择从而作出决策。对管理者来说,每项决策都受到基于政策、程序、法律、惯例等等因素的制约,这些制约存在于各个层次2的机构中。Alternativesarethepossiblecoursesofactionfromwhichchoicescanbemade.Iftherearenoalternatives,thereisnochoiceand,therefore,nodecision.Ifnoalternativesareseen,oftenitmeansthatathoroughjobofexaminingtheproblemshasnotbeendone.Forexample,managerssometimestreatproblemsinaneither/orfashion;thisistheirwayofsimplifyingcomplexproblems.Butthetendencytosimplifyblindsthemtootheralternatives.抉择是从中可以作出选择的可能的行动步骤。假如没有可供选择的可能性,这就意味着没有做过对问题进行彻底调查的工作。例如,管理者有时用两者择一的方式来处理问题,即他们简化复杂问题的手法。但是,这种简化的倾向使他们看不到其他可供选择的可能性。Atthemanageriallevel,decisionmakingincludeslimitingalternativesaswellasidentifyingthem,andtherangeisfromhighlylimitedtopracticallyunlimited.在管理层,作决策包括了限定和鉴别可供选择的可能性,其限定范围从非常有限到基本无限。Decisionmakersmusthavesomewayofdeterminingwhichofseveralalternativesisbest—thatis,whichcontributesthemosttotheachievementoforganizationalgoals.Anorganizationalgoalisanendorastateofaffairstheorganizationseekstoreach.Becauseindividuals(andorganizations)frequentlyhavedifferentideasabouthowtoattainthegoals,thebestchoicemaydependonwhomakesthedecision.Frequently,departmentsorunitswithinanorganizationmakedecisionsthataregoodforthemindividuallybutthatarelessthanoptimalforthelargerorganization.Calledsuboptimization,thisisatrade-offthatincreasestheadvantagestooneunitorfunctionbutdecreasestheadvantagestoanotherunitorfunction.Forexample,themarketingmanagermayargueeffectivelyforanincreasedadvertisingbudget.Inthelargerschemeofthings,however,increasedfundingforresearchtoimprovetheproductsmightbemorebeneficialtotheorganization.决策者必须具备从多个可供选择的可能性中确定最佳选择——即:最有助于实现机构的目标—的手段。机构目标是该机构竭力要达到的最终目标或理想状态。因为个人(和机构)常常对达到目标有着不同的主意,所以,最佳选择就取决于决策者了。在同一机构内的部门或单位经常会作出有利于他们自己而对大单位不甚理想的决策。被称为局部最优化的权衡加强了某一单位或某一功能的优势,却削弱了另一单位或另一功能的优势,例如,市场营销经理会极力要求增加广告预算。然而,在更大的事情策划中,为改进产品而增加科研经费可能会更有益于该机构。Thesetrade-offsoccurbecausetherearemanyobjectivesthatorganizationswishtoattainsimultaneously.Someoftheseobjectivesare3moreimportantthanothers,buttheorderanddegreeofimportanceoftenvaryfrompersontopersonandfromdepartmenttodepartment.Differentmanagersdefinethesameproblemindifferentterms.Whenpresentedwithacommoncase,salesmanagerstendtoseesalesproblems,productionmanagersseeproductionproblems,andsoon.这些权衡的产生是因为机构希望同时达到多个目标。有些目标比其他的目标更重要,但其重要性的先后顺序和等级却因人而异、因部门而异。不同的管理者对同一个问题持不同的看法。面对一件日常事件时,销售经理常易看到销售问题,生产经理则常易看到生产问题等等。Theorderingandimportanceofmultipleobjectivesisalsobased,inpart,onthevaluesofthedecisionmaker.Suchvaluesarepersonal;theyarehardtounderstand,evenbytheindividual,becausetheyaresodynamicandcomplex.Inmanybusinesssituationsdifferentpeople'svaluesaboutacceptabledegreesofriskandprofitabilitycausedisagreementaboutthecorrectnessofdecisions.多种目标的顺序和重要性也部分地基于决策者的价值观,这些价值观带有个人特色,他人很难理解,因为价值观是不断变化的、极为复杂的。在许多商情中,不同的人对于风险的可接受程度有着不同的价值观,这就造成了决策正确与否的不同意见。Peopleoftenassumethatadecisionisanisolatedphenomenon.Butfromasystemspointofview,problemshavemultiplecauses,anddecisionshaveintendedandunintendedconsequences.Anorganizationisanongoingentity,andadecisionmadetodaymayhaveconsequencesfarintothefuture.Thustheskilledmanagerlookstowardthefutureconsequencesofcurrentdecisions.人们常常以为决策是一个孤立的现象。但从系统的观点来看,问题具有多种原因,故而决策有意料中的结果和非意料中的结果。一个机构是一个发展中的实体,今天所作的决策可能会对将来产生深远的影响。因此,有经验的管理者着眼于当前决策的将来效果。UnitTwoBlackHoles黑洞Whatisablackhole?well,it'sdifficulttoanswerthisquestion,sincethetermswewouldnormallyusetodescribeascientificphenomenonareinadequatehere.Astronomersandscientiststhinktha
本文标题:自考英语(二)下册课文中英文对照翻译
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