自考英语国家概况汇总版

,knkkChapter1LandandPeople一、本章知识点1.重点：①DifferentnamesforBritainanditsparts2.难点、考点：①Britain’sofficialname②BritishCommonwealth三、课本内容（一）DifferentnamesforBritainanditspartsStrictlyspeaking,theBritishIsles,GreatBritainandEnglandareallgeographicalnames.1.TheBritishIslesaremadeupoftwolargeislandsandhundredsofsmallislands.（seemapofUK）ThetwolargeislandsareGreatBritainandIreland.GreatBritainisthelargerofthesetwoislands.2.★TheofficialnameoftheUnitedKingdomistheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland.Butitistoomuchofamouthfultosaysuchalongnameforacountry,sopeoplejustsayBritain,theUnitedKingdomorsimplyU.K.（UK）capital:LondonTheRepublicofIreland爱尔兰共和国hasbeenanindependentrepublicsince1949anditscapitalisDublin.3.TherearethreepoliticaldivisionsontheislandofGreatBritain:England,Scotland,andWales.Englandisthelargest,mostpopulousandrichest,sopeopletendtouse“England”and“English”whentheymean“Britain”and“British”.4.TheBritishEmpire大英帝国:onefourthoftheworld’speopleandonefourthoftheworld’slandarea.5.TheBritishEmpiregraduallydisappearedanditwasreplacedbytheBritishCommonwealthortheCommonwealthofNationsin1931.★TheCommonwealthisafreeassociationofindependentcountriesthatwereoncecoloniesofBritain.Membernationsarejoinedtogethereconomicallyandhavecertaintradingarrangements.TheCommonwealthhasnospecialpowers.ThedecisiontobecomeamemberoftheCommonwealthislefttoeachnation.如果出简答,则只需要第一句话.（二）OthersGeographicalFeatures1.TheUnitedKingdomisseparatedfromtherestofEuropebytheEnglishChannelinthesouthandtheNorthSeaintheeast.TheEnglishChannelliesbetweenBritainandFrance.（p.4）TaiwanStrait：台湾海峡2.“Chunnel”:channel+tunnel,openedtotrafficin1994.（p.5）Smog:smoke+fogMortel:motor+hotelKidult:kid+adult3.ThehighestmountaininBritain:BenNevis,1,343minScotland.（p.6）Thelongestriver:theSevernRiver（338km）Thesecondlargestandmostimportantriver:theThamesRiver（336km）（p.7）4.90%ofthepopulationisurbanandonly10%isrural.（p.11）5.TheEnglishareAnglo-Saxons盎格鲁撒克逊人,buttheScots,WelshandIrishareCelts凯尔特人.（p.12）四、总结①Britain’sofficialname②BritishCommonwealthChapter2TheOriginsofaNation（5000BC–AD1066）一、本章知识点1.重点：①ArrivalandsettlementoftheCelts②BasisofmodernEnglishrace:theAnglo-Saxons③TheVikingandDanishinvasions④KingAlfredandhiscontributions⑤TheNormanConquestanditsconsequences2.难点、考点：①theAnglo-Saxons:Heptarchy七王国;foundationoftheEnglishstate②KingAlfred③NormanConquest三、课本内容（一）ArrivalandsettlementoftheCelts（p.17）1.begantoarriveabout700BC2.originallyhavecomefromeasternandcentralEurope,nowFrance,BelgiumandsouthernGermany3.threemainwaves——1st.Gaels盖尔人,about600BC;2nd.Brythons布列吞人,400BC,（Britain）;3rd.Belgae比利其人,150BC,（Belgium）.Gaelic：盖尔语4.TheCeltictribesareancestorsofHighlandScots,theIrishandtheWelsh,andtheirlanguagesarethebasisofbothWelshandGaelic.5.Religion:Druidism:TheCelts’religionwasDruidism.TheDruidsworshippedandperformedtheirritesinwoodsbythelightofthemoon.6.RomanBritain（55BC–AD410）p.18:BritishrecordedhistorybeginswiththeRomaninvasion.Fornearly400yearsBritainwasundertheRomanoccupation.TheRomancapitalwasLondon（Londinium）.（二）BasisofmodernEnglishrace:theAnglo-Saxons（p.20-23）1.mid-5thcentury,threeTeutonictribes:Jutes朱特人（fromsouthernDenmark）,Saxons,andAngles（bothfromnorthernGermany）;AnglesweretogivetheirnametotheEnglishpeople.2.★Heptarchy七王国——sevenprincipalkingdomssetupbytheAnglo-Saxons:Kent,Essex,Sussex,Wessex,EastAnglia,MarciaandNorthumbria.（英国版的战国七雄）Monarchy：君主制TheAnglo-Saxontribes部落wereconstantlyatwarwithoneanother,eachtryingtogettheupperhand,sothatthekingdomswereoftenbrokenupandoftenpiecedtogetheragain.3.In829,Egbert伯特becameanoverlordofalltheEnglish.4.Teutonic日耳曼人的religion:Tiu—war,Woden—heaven,Thor—Storms,Freya—Peace5.St.Augustine奥古斯丁——thefirstArchbishopofCanterbury.坎特伯雷大教主6.★Anglo-SaxonslaidthefoundationsoftheEnglishstate:dividethecountryintoshires（郡）,latercounties;thenarrow-strip,three-fieldfarmingsystem（三田轮作）;manorial庄园system;Witan（议会）（councilormeetingofthewisemen,贤人会议）,thebasisofthePrivyCouncil枢密院whichstillexiststoday.（三）TheVikingandDanishinvasions（p.23-24）1.fromtheendof8thcentury,NorwegianVikingsandDanesfromDenmark挪威海盗和丹麦人2.TheDanesgainedthe“Danelaw”（丹麦法区）,thenorthandeastofEngland.3.TheWitanchoseCanute,theDanishLeader,askingin1016.CanutemadeEnglandpartofaScandinavianempire.（四）KingAlfredandhiscontributions1.KingofWessex（871-899）（抗击北欧海盗入侵的国家英雄）2.★hiscontributions:“thefatheroftheBritishnavy”;reorganizedthefyrd英国民兵（theSaxonarmy）;translatedintoEnglishBede’sEcclesiasticalHistoryoftheEnglishPeople;establishedschoolsandformulatedalegalsystem.3.“AlfredtheGreat”（五）TheNormanConquestanditsconsequences（p.24-25）1.KingEdward,knownas“theConfessor”,wasfarmoreNormanthanSaxon心向着诺曼第人(法国),而不是撒克逊人(英国).2.4menlaidclaimtotheEnglishthrone:theKingofNorway,theDukeofNormandy,TostigandHarold（twobrothersofEdward’sQueen）;4人对英国有继承权,挪威国王,诺曼底公爵和爱德华国王王后的两个兄弟3.Oct.14,1066,Hastings,Anglo-SaxonEnglandperishedwithHarold’sdeath.因为Harold的死亡,英国被诺曼人打败4.WilliamwascrownedKingofEnglandonChristmasDay.5.WilliamtheConqueror:thebest-knowneventinEnglishhistory;thefeudalsystemwascompletelyestablished.法国诺曼第人征服后,威廉成为英国国王,成为英语历史最著明的事件,并且完本建