武汉大学博士英语结课考试

1-3TopicInfluence/impact/effect/affectionperspectivePeopleandorganizationsAspectFrommaterialtospiritualaspect;fromindividualtosocialaspectskeywordsskillByexamplemethodByclassificationQuestion(logicrelationship)Whatandhow1-12Topicpowerperspectivephysiology,safetyandbelongingness(life,workandpleasure)AspectfrommaterialtospiritualaspectskeywordsskillbyexamplemethodhierarchicalstructureQuestion(logicrelationship)whatandhow8-1TopiccultureperspectiveworldAspectfrommaterialaspects/culturekeywordsMayantemples,Incanmonuments,Celticcairns,Khmerstatues,ziggurat-likestructuresskillbyexamplemethodinspatialorder/inspaceorderQuestion(logicrelationship)whatandhow8-4TopicchangeperspectiveEasterIslandersAspectFromideatobehaviorkeywordsLong-termtrend,warningstatusquoskillByquotationandstatementmethodByclassification;byprogressionQuestion(logicrelationship)Whatandwhy8-6TopicdecimationperspectivehumanityAspectFromideatobehavior/frommaterialtospiritualaspectskeywordsskillBystatisticsandstatementmethodCauseandeffectQuestion(logicrelationship)What-how-why8-8TopicmythsperspectivemythmakingAspectmythskeywordsOldmyths-collapsing,newmyths-emerging,future-shaping,mythmaking,ventureenterpriseskillBystatementmethodProblemandsolutionQuestion(logicrelationship)What-why-how8-12TopicShadowperspectiveScienceandsocietyAspectFromtechnologytosocietykeywordsAutomobile,fertilizers,insecticides,nuclearpowerplants,wasteproducts,alcoholism,drugaddiction,suicide,spouseandchildabuseskillByexamplemethodByclassification.macro:hierarchicalstructure(fromleasttomost)Micro:antithesis(frompositivetonegative)Question(logicrelationship)Whatandhow8-25TopicPrincipleperspectiveSituationsAspectPressbeyonddialogue(nonverbalcommunication)keywordsskillByexamplemethodByantithesis,homogeneity同质andheterogeneity异质Question(logicrelationship)Whatandhow大纲文章分析答案paraperspectivekeywordsstructure1duty（demand）civilization，future，operationWhat（challenge）2right（need）measure，freedom，effort，atworth3aimrights，responsibilitiesWhy（purpose）4role（part）context，meddling，importance，decisivenessHow（suggestion）5attitude（honesty）safeguard，material，rationality，dependable，credibleparaperspectivekeywordsstructure1appearancehair-style,look,ludicrousWhat(situation)2designerfashion,decreeWhy(outside)3womenfashion,dictatesWhy(inside)4women/industrymoney,time,contributionHow(result)(material)5qualityfickleness,instabilityHow(solution)(spiritual)Unit8para1-4articleanalysisparaperspectivekeywordsstructure1worlddisappearanceofcultureandmythologies-Mayantemples,Incanmonuments,Celticcairns,Khmerstatues,ziggurat-likestructureswhat(phenomenon)2Easterislanders(once-flourishing)civilization-pristineparadise,subtropicalforests,wildbirdspecies,nopredators;(sophisticated)economyand(complex)politicalsystemHow(example)3Easterislandersdisorder(vanishedcivilization)-barrenanddesolateisland;violence,starvation,cannibalismHow(example)4Easterislanderschange-long-termtrend(islander’sthinking);warning,statusquo(rulingclass)Why(reason)1Mostmainstreamscientistsagreethattheburningoffossilfuels(coal,naturalgas,andpetroleumthatisknownasoilorcrudeoil)andotherindustrialactivitieshaveledtoabuildupofheat-trappinggreenhousegasesintheatmosphere.Theyalsoagreethattheearth’ssurfacehaswarmedduringthelastcenturyandthatfurtherwarmingofseveraldegreesCelsiusislikelyinthenextcentury.(background)Thisbroadscientificconsensus(广泛达成的共识)hasplayedanimportantroleinconvincingmanynationalgovernmentsthatimmediateactionisnecessarytolimitglobalgreenhousegasemission.(thesis)2Developingcountries,however,haveportrayedthemselvesasvictimizedbythewealthierindustrializednations(topicsentence).Ononehand,thesecountriesbelievetheyhavethemosttolosefromcontinuedglobalwarming.1Becausemuchofthedevelopingworldoccupieswarmerregions，wheremanyspeciesofcropsanddomesticatedanimalsliveattheupperlimitoftheirnaturaltemperaturetolerance,highercouldleadtowidespreadlivestockdeclinesandcropfailures.Moreover,unliketheindustrializedworld,mostdevelopingnationslackthecapitalandinfrastructuretodevelopnewvarietiesofheat-tolerantcropsandanimals,buildfloodcontrolsystems,anddeploydisasterreliefwhenneeded.3Ontheotherhand,2globalemissionreductiontargetsalsohurtdevelopingcountriesbecausesuchreductioninterferewiththeirplansforeconomicdevelopmentthroughinexpensive,carbon-basedenergysources.Indeed,manyrepresentativesofdevelopingcountriesseeglobalwarmingadvocatesaspartofaconspiracytomaintaintheeconomicadvantageofindustrializednationsattheexpenseofpoorernations.3Thus,developingcountrieshavearguedthattheybeexemptfromemissionreductionuntiltheireconomiesapproachedthestrengthofthoseindevelopednation.4Carbon-cyclecalculations,however,suggestthatallowingdevelopingcountriestodelaybydecadestheirparticipationinemissionreductionagreementswouldcommittheworldtoverylargeincreasesinlevelsofatmosphericcarbondioxide.Thecarboncyclereferstothenaturalprocessthroughwhichcarbondioxideinjectedintotheatmosphereisslowlyremovedbyphotosynthesisinplantsandabsorptionintheoceans.Theseprocessestakeaboutacenturytocomplete.Variou