科技英语文体特征.

科技英语文体特征StylisticFeaturesofESTWhatisEST?•TheEnglishofscienceandtechnology(EST)isactuallyabigvariety.•ItincludestheEnglishofchemistry,theEnglishofphysics,theEnglishofmathematics,theEnglishofbiology,theEnglishofmedicine,etc.•Ofallthescientificfields,weusuallysubdividethemintotwomainvarieties:•theEnglishofspecializedscienceandtechnology(ESST),专门用途科技英语•andtheEnglishofcommonscienceandtechnology(ECST)科普英语•ESTisusedinscientificworks,academicthesis,researchpapers,experimentalreports,thedescriptionorexplanationofnaturalphenomena.•InoneworditisavarietyofEnglish,dealingwiththetheoriesandapplicationsofscienceandtechnology.•But,generallyspeaking,theEnglishofallscientificfieldshavesomethingincommonandonwhichwebaseourstudies.•ThecommonelementsinvariousESTarticles,papersandthesiscanbeanalyzedintermsoftheirsimilaritiesinlinguisticfeatures.•Thiskindofwritingisusuallyformalinstyleandseriousintone.•Itdoesnottakeartisticbeautyoflanguageasitsgoal,instead,ittriestoachieveclarityinlogicandaccuracyinmeaning.•Ittiestoavoidsubjectiveopinionsorevaluations,ambiguouswordorexpressions.GeneralstylisticfeaturesofEST•Ittendstoemploywordswiththedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology.•Thesentencesareusuallylongandcompleteandsubordinateappositive(同位语从句)andparentheticalclauses（插入语从句）areoftenused.•Logicalconnectors,suchashence,insummary,asaresult,appearinESTmorefrequentlythaninothertypesofwriting.•First,letuscomparethefollowingtwoparagraphsabout“man”:•Whatapieceofworkisaman!Hownobleinreason!Howinfiniteinfaculties（天赋）!informandmoving,howexpressandadmirable!inaction,howlikeanangel!inapprehension,howlikeaGod!Thebeautyoftheword!Theparagon(典范)ofanimals.•………WilliamShakespeare:Hamlet•Manismetazoan[metә`zәuәn]（后生动物,多细胞动物）,triploblastic[triplә’blæstik]（三胚层的）,vertebrate[‘vә:tibrit]（脊椎动物）pentadactyl[pentədæktil]（adj.有五指的）,mammalian[mæ‘meiljәn]（哺乳动物）,eutherian[ju:θiəriən]（真哺乳亚纲的(动物),primate[‘praimit]（灵长目动物）....Themainoutlineofeachofhisprincipalsystemoforgansmaybetracedback,likethoseofothermammals,tothefishes.•Fromatextbookofbiology•Ofthetwopassages,thefirstoneisapieceofliterarywork,andthesecond,EST.•Bycomparison,wecanseethesharpdifferencesbetweenthestylesofthesetwopassagesalthoughtheyaredealingwiththesamesubjectmatter---humanbeing.•Lexically,inthefirstpassage,wecanseethefrequentuseoffavorableadjectivesandnouns,•suchas,noble,infinite,express,admirable,angel,God,beauty,paragon.•Whileinthesecondone,wefindtechnicaltermsofbiologypredominatethewholetext,•suchasmetazoan,triploblastic,choral,vertebrate,pentadactyl,mammalian,eutheran,primate,etc.•Syntactically,inthefirstpassage,wecanfindthefrequentuseofexclamatorysentences（感叹句）aswellastwoshortsentencefragments（片语）inordertoexpressfeelings;•Whileinthesecondpassage,bothsentencesarecompletedeclarativesentences(陈述句)withthepurposeofgivinginformation.•Graphologically,inthefirstpassagethetypicalfeatureisthefrequentuseofexclamationmarks(whichshowfeelings);whileinthesecondpassage,thefrequentuseofcommas(whichofferinformation).•Semantically,inthefirstpassage,figurativelanguageisusedinordertoshowastrongfeeling,especiallytheuseofthemetaphor(pieceofwork),hyperboleandmetaphor(thebeautyoftheworld;theparagonofanimals),andsimiles(likeanangel;likeaGod).Asaresult,manisgreatlypraised.•Whileinthesecondpassage,allthewordsareusedintheirconceptualmeanings.Thetoneisfactual,andimpersonal.Asaresult,theinformationofhowmancameintobeingisclearlyrevealed.科技英语文体特征分析模版ModelofStylisticAnalysisofEST•1、GraphologicalFeatures语相特征•2、LexicalFeatures词汇特征•3、Syntactic∕GrammaticalFeatures句法∕语法特征4、SemanticFeatures语篇特征1.GraphologicalFeatures•Generallyspeaking,ESTmakesfulluseofgraphologicaldevices.•First,scientiststendtousevisualaidsmorethanotherpeople,suchaspictures,tables,charts,formulae,etc.inordertoexplainmattersclearly.•语相特征：包括标点，图表，大小写，段落的划分，空格等。•Asfaraspunctuation（标点）isconcerned,themostfrequentlyusedmarksarethefullstop（句号）,thecomma（逗号）,andtheparentheses（括号）.ThisisduetothenatureofESTwriting.•AsthebasicfunctionofESTistoinform,thereforeobjectivestatementsarethemostpreferredsentencetype,thusthefullstop.•Andthesentencesareusuallylong;therefore,commasareusedtosetoffsomeelementsofthesentencefromwhatproceeds,andwhatfollows.•Parenthesesareusedtoenclosesupplementarydetails.2.LexicalFeatures•ESTvocabularyusuallyconsistsofthefollowingkindsofwords:•1)commonwords（withspecificmeaning）;•2)highlytechnicalwords;•3)semi-technicalwords;•4)nominalization•5)nouncompounds•6)newlycoinedwords.1.commonwords普通词•英语科技文体中的普通词或称非技术词是属于语言共核部分的词,通用于各类文体,包括代词、连词、数词、动词,以及无技术意义的形容词、副词、名词等。在专用语中,非技术词既有结构上的关联作用,又有语义上的补充作用:•【例句】Theprincipleoftheelectronmicroscopeisasfollows;Electronsfromahotcathodeareacceleratedbyapositivepotentialonananode（阳极）andarefocusedsoastoformabeamofhigh-speedelectronswhichfalluponasampletobeobserved.Electronsemergingfromthissamplearefocusedbyanotherelectronlensand,mayformamagnifiedimageonafluorescentscreen.•[译文]电子显微镜的原理如下:从热阴极发射的电子受到阳极上正电位的加举作用,并聚集形成一束高速电子,落到要观察的样品上。从这个样品上出来的电子又有另一个电子透镜聚焦并可在萤光屏上形成一个极大的物像。•从上面英文斜体词可知,这些非技术词或是连词造句、连句成段的功能词,或是具有普通意义的常用词,即使在正式程度很高的语篇中,非技术词对其构成也是极