第1章动植物检疫的起源与发展-E.

ConspectusofanimalandplantquarantineWangYanTel：15052917362；Email：[e-mail]中国国境卫生检疫杂志（Chinesejournaloffrontierhealthandquarantine,AQSIQ）植物检疫（Plantquarantine,AQSIQ）中国检验检疫（Chinainspectionandquarantine,AQSIQ）中国动物检疫(Chinaanimalhealthinspection,MinistryofAgriculture)检验检疫科学（Inspectionandquarantinescience,AQSIQ）OutlinesBeginninganddevelopmentofanimalandplantquarantineDomesticandinternationallawsEntryandexitquarantineproceduresQuarantinemeasures(handling)SummaryofanimalquarantineandclassificationSummaryofplantquarantineandclassificationModerntechniquesappliedinanimalandplantquarantineChapterIBeginninganddevelopmentofanimalandplantquarantineBeginningofanimalandplantquarantine.Relatedconcepts.Internationalsituation.DevelopmentinChina.SectionIHistoryofanimalandplantquarantineBuddingofanimalandplantquarantine.Animalandplantquarantineintheearlyage.Catastrophicanimalandplantepidemicsinhistorybyarbitrarytransportation.BeginningofquarantineQuarantine“quarantina”40d。—最早萌芽：14世纪中叶,欧洲流行黑死病(blackdeath)、霍乱(cholera)、黄热病(yellowfever)等疾病，严重威胁者人类的生命安全；—意大利威尼斯为阻止这些传染病传入，1403年建立了世界上第一个检疫机构（lazaretto检查站），另外国船舶及人员在进港前必须滞留、隔离40d，船上人员没有感染上述传染病时，才允许船舶进港、人员上岸。—这种早期的检疫方法被称为隔离(Isolation)，而Quarantine就成为隔离40天的专有名词。Isolationisstillaeffectivemeasureforthepreventionofepidemics.Quarantine逐渐发展成“检疫”的概念。这种始于人类防范疫病的隔离措施给人以启迪，使人们逐步运用到阻止动物疫病、植物危险性有害生物传播方面，遂出现了动物检疫和植物检疫(Animalquarantineandplantquarantine)。动物检疫和植物检疫源于卫生检疫(Healthquarantine)。HistoryofanimalandplantquarantinePlantquarantineintheearlyage：—In1660inFrenchLeon,lawswerepromulgatedtoprohibittheintroductionofsmalltillers(KawakamiBarberry).—Smalltillersandwheatstemrust（小麦秆锈病）Legalmeasureswerefirstappliedinpreventingtheintroductionofpestsfromabroad.Plantquarantineintheearlyage：—LawwerepassedinFrenchforprohibitingtheentryofgrapebranchesfromabroad.(1872)grapephylloxera(葡萄根瘤蚜).Plantquarantineintheearlyage：—In1875,theRussiandecreebanningtheimportationofpotatofromtheUnitedstates.—In1877,theUnitedKingdomenactedthe“DestructiveInsectsActs.Animalquarantineintheearlyage—In1866,theUnitedkingdomdecreedcullingalltherinderpest（牛瘟）infectedcattle.In1869,theUnitedkingdompassed“Lawonthepreventionandcontrolofinfectiousdiseases”topreventrecurrenceofrinderpestduetotheimportingofcattle.—In1871,JapantakelegalmeasurestopreventintroductionofrinderpestfromSiberiaarea.In1886,“Animalepidemicpreventionregulations”wasreleased.—In1879,ItalybannedimportsofAmericanmeatproducts.trichina,cestode（旋毛虫，猪肉绦虫）—In1881,Austria,GermanyandFrancealsoissuedabanontheimportofAmericanmeat.Catastrophicplantepidemicdispersedbyman—Plantepidemic：In1830s;Europe;Potatolateblight（马铃薯晚疫病）In1817;NorthAmerica;patatobeetle（马铃薯甲虫）In1869;America;gypsymoth（舞毒蛾）—Animalepidemic：Malta;Africaswinefever（非洲猪瘟）（1）Potatolateblight(FromPerutoEurope)马铃薯晚疫病Feature:Adevastatingfungaldiseasecausingstemandleafdeathandtuberrot。（2）Gypsymoth(FromEuropetoAmerica)舞毒蛾Feature:Abigpestofforestandfruittrees.Host500kindsofplants.Themaindamageisleaves,theleavescanbeeatenwithinafewweeks.（3）Patatobeetle（America）马铃薯甲虫Features:Worldfamousdestructivequarantinepests.Thehostplantsaremainlyfromnightshade,andthepotatoisthemostsuitablehost,butalsothetomato,eggplant,pepper,tobaccoandsoon.（4）Africanswinefever非洲猪瘟Feature:anacuteandhighlycontagiousviraldiseaseofswineanditscharacteristicsisashortcourseofdisease,butthemortalityrateisashighas100%.（5）GardenGoldenrod加拿大一枝黄花In1935,GardenGoldenrodwasfirstintroducedtoChinaasanornamentalplant.However,itdevelopedintoweedasitsstrongabilityofreproduction.Itsplantare3metershighand1.5meters,hasawideecologicaladaptability,andhasaseriousthreattobiodiversity.Section2RelatedconceptsBasictermsandmeaningsofanimalandplantquarantineAnimalandplantquarantinepurposesandtasksImplementationofanimalandplantquarantineBasictermsandmeanings1、检验检疫(Inspectionandquarantine):一般是指出入境检验检疫的简称，包含了商品检验(Commodityinspection)、动植物检疫(Animalandplantquarantine)和卫生检疫(Healthquarantine)。（“三检”）2、检验（inspection）:—狭义：对商品的品质检验。—广义：对商品进行检验、监督管理以及公证鉴定。3、动物(animal):饲养、野生的活动物。Animalsmeantheliveanimals,whetherdomesticatedorwild,suchaslivestock,poultry,beasts,snakes,tortoises,fishes,shrimpsandprawns,crabs,shellfishes,silkwormsandbees.4、动物产品(animalproduction)：是指来源于动物未经加工或者虽经加工，但仍有可能传播疫病的产品Animalproductsmeanthenon-processedproductsortheprocessedproducts,fromanimals,stillliabletospreadepidemicdiseases,suchasrawhides,hairs,meats,viscerae,fatandgrease,aquaticanimalproducts,dairyproducts,eggs,blood,semens,embryos,bones,hoofsandhorns;5、动物疫病(animaldisease)：是为害或可能为害动物及动物产品的任何传染病和寄生虫病6、植物（plant）：栽培植物、野生植物及其种子、种苗及其他繁殖材料。Plantsmeancultivatedplants,wildplants,theirseedsandseedlingsandotherpropagatingmaterials.7、植物产品(plantproduction)：是指来源于植物未经加工或者虽经加工，但仍有可能传播病虫害的产品。—食用医用加工材料Plantproductsmeanthenon-processedproductsortheprocessedproducts,fromplants,stillliabletospreaddiseases,insectpestsorharmfulorganisms,suchasgrain,beans,cotton,oils,fibres,tobacco,kernel,driedfruits,freshfruits,vegetables,rawmedicinalherbs,logsandfeedingstuffs8、植物有害生物(plantpest)：泛指为害或可能为害植物及其产品的任何