第四章4.1翻译与原文+课后练习

4.1InternationalCommercialTermsExportpricesarequotedinvariousways.Themajorsystemsavailableforuseinquotingpricesareknownastradeterms.TheuseofsuchtermsasFAS,CFR,andCIFisimportantwithregardtospecifyingnotonlywheretheexporter’sresponsibilityandliabilityend(andthebuyer’sresponsibilityandliabilitybegin),buttheydeterminethecostswhichtheexporterwillbearThus,itiscustomaryinthecalculationofapricequotationtoaddtheappropriatecoststothebasicprice.4.1国际贸易术语出口价格均以各种方式。为在报价价格可使用的主要系统称为贸易条件。这类词语使用FASCFR和CIF是对于重要的指定不仅出口单位的责任和赔偿责任结束（和买方的责任负债的开始），但他们确定的费用由输出将承担因此，它是在计算习惯一报价添加适当的费用基本价格。Thesystemofdefinitionsthatismostwidelyusedbyexportersthroughouttheworldis“Incoterms”(developedbytheInternationalChamberofCommerce).Thepurposeof“Incoterms”istoprovideasetofinternationalrulesfortheinterpretationofthemostcommonlyusedtradetermsininternationaltrade.Thus,theuncertaintiesofdifferentinterpretationsofsuchtermsirdifferentcountriescanheavoidedoratleastreducedtoaconsiderabledegree.该系统的定义是最广泛使用的世界各地的出口商是“通则”（由国际商会制定）。对“通则”的目的是，为在国际贸易中最常用的贸易术语解释的国际规则。因此，对这些术语的不同解释不同国家的不确定性红外他能避免或至少减少到相当的程度。Frequentlypartiestoacontractareunawareofthedifferenttradingpracticesintheirrespectivecountries.Thiscangiverisetomisunderstandings,disputesandlitigationwithallthewasteoftimeandmoneythatthisentails.InordertoremedytheseproblemstheInternationalChamberofCommercefirstpublishedin1936asetofinternationalrulesfortheinterpretationoftradeterms.Theseruleswireknownas“Incoterms1936”.Amendmentsandadditionswerelatermadein19531967.1976.1980.1990andpresently2000inordertobringtherulesinlinewithcurrentinternationaltradepractices.经常合同当事人不知道这些不同的销售行为在各自的国家。这能增加误解,纠纷和诉讼与所有的浪费时间和金钱,这就需要。为了弥补这些问题的国际商会首次发表于1936年一套国际规则贸易术语解释。这些规则电线被称为“国际贸易术语解释通则1936年”。后来为适应当前国际贸易实践的规则，条约在1953,1967,1976,1980,1990和最近的2000年进行了修改和补充。ComparisonoftradetermsIn1990.foreaseofunderstanding.thetermsweregroupedinfourbasicallydifferentcategories:namelystartingwiththetermwherebytheselleronlymakesthegoodsavailabletothebuyerattheseller’sownpremises(theE”-termExworks);followedbythesecondgroupwherebytheselleriscalledupontodeliverthegoodstoacarrierappointedbythebuyer(the“F”-termsFCA,FASandFOB);continuingwiththe“C“-termswherethesellerhastocontractforcarriage,butwithoutassumingtheriskoflossofordamagetothegoodsoradditionalcostsduetoeventsoccurringaftershipmentanddispatch(CFR,CIF.CPTandCIP);and.finally,the“D”termswherebythesellerhastobearallcostsandrisksneededtobringthegoodstotheplaceofdestination(DAF,DES,DEQ.DDUandDDP).ThefollowingchartsetsOutthisclassificationofthetradeterms.贸易条件的比较于1990年。为便于理解。该条款分为4个基本不同的类别：即开始与术语，指卖方仅将货物提供给在卖方自己的地点为买方（线上“长期出厂价”），由第二组，据此，卖方要求交付货物之后由买方（以下简称“F”类组术语FCA，FAS和离岸价格）指定的承运人;继续同的“C”条款，即卖方须订立运输合同，但不承担损失或损坏货物的风险或由于装船后发生的事件和额外费用调度（病死率，到岸价CPT和CIP。）和。最后，“D”的条款，据此，卖方必须承担全部费用，需要将货物运到目的地（DAF的中，DES，DEQ术语。DDU和DDP）的风险。以下图表列出了这一贸易条件的分类GroupEDepartureEXWExWorks...namedplaceGroupFMainCarriageUnpaidFCAFreeCarrier...namedplaceFASFreeAlongsideShip...namedportofshipmentFOBFreeonBoard...namedportofshipmentGroupCMainCarriagePaidCFRCostandFreight...namedportofdestinationCIFCost.insurance.andFreight...namedportofdestinationCPTCarriagePaidto...namedportofdestinationCIPCarriageandlnsurrancePaidto….namedportofdestinationGroupDArrivalDAFDeliveredatFrontier...namedplaceDESDeliveredExShip...namedportofdestinationDEQDeliveredExQuay...namedportofdestinationDDUDelivereddutyUnpaid...namedportofdestinationDDPDeliveredDutyPaid...namedportofdestinationE组起运EXW工厂交货…指定地点F组主运费未付FCA货交承运人…指定地点FAS船边交货…指定目的港FOB装运港船上交货…指定目的港C组主运费已付CFR成本加运费…指定目的港CIF成本加保险费、运费…指定目的港CPT运费付至…指定目的港CIP运费、保险费付至…指定目的港D组到达DAF边境交货…指定地点DES目的港船上交货…指定目的港DEQ目的港码头交货…指定目的港DDU未完税交货…指定目的港DDP完税交货…指定目的港Letusgiveanexplanationofthemajorgeneralterms.1)ExworksThistermmeansthatthesellerdeliverswhenheplacesthegoodsatthedisposalofthebuyerattheseller’spremisesoranothernamedplace(i.e.works,factory,warehouse,etc.)notclearedforexportandnotloadedonanycollectingvehicle.Thebuyerhastobearallcostsandrisksinvolvedintakingthegoodsfromtheseller’spremises.让我们举一个主要的一般术语解释。1）出厂价此术语是指卖方在交付时，他把在卖方的处所处置买方或其他指定的地点（即工程，工厂，仓库等）的出口货物不清除的，没有任何装收集车。买方必须承担全部费用，并采取从卖方的处所涉及的货物风险。2)Freecarrier(FCA)Thistermmeansthatthesellerdeliversthegoods,clearedforexport,tothecarriernominatedbythebuyeratthenamedplace.Itshouldbenotedthatthechosenplaceofdeliveryhasanimpactontheobligationsofloadingandunloadingthegoodsatthatplace.Ifdeliveryoccursatanyotherplace,thesellerisnotresponsibleforunloading2）承运人（FCA）的这个词是指卖方将货物交付，为出口清关手续，由买方指定在指定的地点承运人。应该指出的是，交货地点的选择对于在装卸货物在该地点的义务会产生影响。如果卖方在任何其他地方发生时，卖方不负责卸货。3)Freealongsideship(FAS)Thistermmeansthatthesellerdeliverswhenthegoodsareplacedalongsidethevesselatthenamedportofshipment.Thismeansthatthebuyerhastobearallcostsandrisksoflossofordamagetothegoodsfromthatmoment.Thistermrequiresthesellertoclearthegoodsforexport.3）船边交货（FAS）的这个词是指卖方将货物交付时船边放置在指定的装运港。这意味着买方必须承担所有费用和损失或损坏的风险自那时起货物。该术语要求卖方办理出口清关手续。4)Freeonboard(FOB)Thistermmeansthatthesellerdeliverswhenthegoodspasstheship’srailatthenamedportofshipment.Thismeansthatthebuyerhastobearallcostsandrisksoflossofordamagetothegoodsfromthatpoint.Thister