石墨烯及其掺杂技术研究

北京科技大学《材料科学与工程选论》课程学习报告I摘要石墨烯是由sp2杂化碳原子构成的一种具有蜂窝状六方点阵结构的二维纳米材料，独特的结构使其具有优异的热学、机械和电学等性能。因此，研究者对石墨烯未来在纳米电子学、材料科学、凝聚态物理以及低维物理方面的应用产生了广泛的兴趣，但本征石墨烯在电子领域的应用受限于它的零带隙特性，获得带隙在一定范围内可调节的石墨烯显得尤为重要。为了打开石墨烯的带隙，研究者探索了许多方法，比如剪裁石墨成量子点、纳米带、纳米网格或者把石墨烯铺到特殊的衬底上，其中一个最可行的方法就是通过掺杂来调控石墨烯的电学性质。本文从石墨烯的结构特性出发，综述了石墨烯的各种制备、表征方法以及应用情况，特别是对石墨烯的制备方法进行了详细的阐述，因为石墨烯的制备质量与产量对其后续的性能研究与应用进展有着直接的影响。在全面了解了石墨烯的制备、表征和应用之后，本文对石墨烯掺杂的研究进行了分析，重点对氮掺杂石墨烯的制备和应用进展进行了探讨。最后指出了石墨烯在制备和掺杂方面存在的一些问题和以后的发展方向。关键词：石墨烯，带隙，掺杂北京科技大学《材料科学与工程选论》课程学习报告IIAbstractGraphene,atwo-dimensional(2D)networkofsp2hybridizedcarbonatomspackedintohexagonalstructure,isabasicbuildingblockforgraphiticmaterialsofallotherdimensionalities.Theuniquestructureyieldsextraordinarythermal,mechanical,andelectricalproperties,anenormousefforthasbeendevotedtoexplorationofitsmanyapplicationsinnanoelectronics,materialsscience,condensed-matterphysics,andlow-dimensionalphysics.However,mostelectronicapplicationsarehandicappedbytheabsenceofabandgapintheintrinsicmaterial.Inthequesttoopeningandtuninganenergygapingraphene,variousapproacheshavebeendevelopedtoimprovethesemiconductingproperties,exemplifiedbyformingconfinedgeometriesofquantumdots,nanoribbons,andnanomesh,orbindinggraphenetoparticularsubstrates.Oneofthemostfeasiblemethodstocontrolthesemiconductingpropertiesofgrapheneisbydoping，whichisaprocessintentionallyusedtotailortheelectricalpropertiesofintrinsicsemiconductors.Basedonthestructureandcharacteristicsofgraphene,thispapersummarizedthepreparation,characterizationmethodsandapplicationsofgraphene,especiallythepreparationofgrapheneiscarriedonthedetailedelaboration,forthequalityandyieldofgrapheneonitssubsequentperformancehasadirectinfluenceonitsresearchandapplicationprogress.Inacomprehensiveunderstandingofthepreparation,characterizationandapplicationofgraphene,inthispaper,thegraphenedopedareanalyzed,focusingonpreparationandapplicationprogressofnitrogendopedgraphene.Finally，wepointsoutsomeproblemsinpreparationanddopingofgrapheneandthedevelopmentdirectionofgraphene.KeyWords:graphene,energygap,Doping北京科技大学《材料科学与工程选论》课程学习报告III目录摘要.................................................................................................................................IAbstract.........................................................................................................................II1引言............................................................................................................................12石墨烯概述................................................................................................................22.1石墨烯的结构与基本性质..............................................................................22.2石墨烯的制备..................................................................................................42.2.1微机械剥离法.........................................................................................42.2.2化学剥离法.............................................................................................52.2.3外延生长法.............................................................................................72.2.4化学气相沉积法（CVD）....................................................................72.2.5其它合成方法.........................................................................................92.3石墨烯的转移技术........................................................................................102.4石墨烯的表征................................................................................................132.5石墨烯的应用................................................................................................142.5.1在复合材料方面的应用.......................................................................142.5.2在电子器件方面的应用.......................................................................152.5.3在能量存储和转化方面的应用...........................................................152.5.4在生物传感器方面的应用...................................................................163掺杂石墨烯研究进展..............................................................................................173.1石墨烯掺杂研究............................................................................................173.2原子（N、B）掺杂石墨烯..........................................................................183.3氮掺杂石墨烯的制备....................................................................................193.4氮掺杂石墨烯的应用....................................................................................193.5氮掺杂石墨烯现存问题................................................................................204展望..........................................................................................................................21参考文献......................................................................................................................22北京科技大学《材料科学与工程选论》课程学习报告11引言碳材料无疑是当今纳米材料研究领域的明星。1985年，H.W.Kroto发现富勒烯(fullerene)；1991年Iijima发现了碳纳米管；2004年英国曼彻斯特大学的A.K.Geim教授与其合作者KostyaNovoselov共同发现了石墨烯。由于这三种材料的发现，这三种材料的发现者也分别被授予1996年诺贝尔化学奖，2008年Kavli纳米科学奖，2010年的诺贝尔物理奖。这足以证明碳纳米材料研究的重要性。