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第八章醛、酮、醌8.1用IUPAC及普通命名法(如果可能的话)命名或写出结构式a.(CH3)2CHCHOb.CH2CHOc.H3CCHOd.(CH3)2CHCOCH3e.(CH3)2CHCOCH(CH3)2f.CHOOH3Cg.(CH3)2C=CHCHOh.β-溴化丙醛i.1,3—环已二酮j.1,1,1—三氯代—3—戊酮k.三甲基乙醛l.3—戊酮醛m.苯乙酮o.CH2=CHCHOp.CO答案:a.异丁醛2-甲基丙醛2-methylpropanalisobutanalb.苯乙醛phenylethanalc.对甲基苯甲醛p-methylbenzaldehyded.3-甲基-2-丁酮3-methyl-2-butanonee.2,4-二甲基-3-戊酮2,4-dimethyl-3-pentanonef.间甲氧基苯甲醛m-methoxybenzaldehydeg.3-甲基-2-丁烯醛3-methyl-2-butenalh.BrCH2CH2CHOi.OOj.CCl3CH2COCH2CH3k.(CH3)2CCHOl.CH3CH2COCH2CHOm.CH=CHCHOn.CCH3Oo.丙烯醛propenalp.二苯甲酮diphenylKetone8.3写出下列反应的主要产物a.CH3COCH2CH3+H2N-OHb.Cl3CCHO+H2Oc.H3CCHO+KMnO4H+d.CH3CH2CHO稀NaOHe.C6H5COCH3+C6H5MgBrH+H2Of.O+H2NNHC6H5g.(CH3)3CCHO浓NaOHh.O+(CH3)2C(CH2OH)2无水HClOi.+K2Cr2O7H+j.CHOKMnO4室温k.COCl2,H2OOH-CH3l.COCH3+Cl2H+m.CH2=CHCH2CH2COCH3+HCln.CH2=CHCOCH3+HBro.CH2=CHCHO+HCNp.C6H5CHO+CH3COCH3稀NaOH答案:a.CH3COCH2CH3+H2N-OHCH3CCH2CH3NOHb.Cl3CCHO+H2OCl3CCHOHOHc.H3CCHOHOOCCOOH+KMnO4H+d.CH3CH2CHO稀NaOHCH3CH2CH-CHCHOOHCH3e.C6H5COCH3+C6H5MgBrC6H5CC6H5CH3OMgBrH+H2OC6H5CC6H5CH3OHf.O+H2NNHC6H5NNHC6H5g.(CH3)3CCHO浓NaOH(CH3)3CCH2OH(CH3)3CCOOH+h.O+(CH3)2C(CH2OH)2无水HClOOOi.+K2Cr2O7H+HOOC(CH2)3COOHj.CHOKMnO4室温COOHk.COCl2,H2OOH-COCH2ClCH3COOH+CHCl3l.COCH3+Cl2H+m.CH2=CHCH2CH2COCH3+HClCH3-CHCH2CH2COCH3Cl+ClOHCH3n.CH2=CHCOCH3+HBrBrCH2CH2COCH3o.CH2=CHCHO+HCNNCCH2CH2CHO+CH2=CHCHCNOHp.C6H5CHO+CH3COCH3稀NaOHC6H5CHCH2C-CH3OOH8.4用简单化学方法鉴别下列各组化合物a.丙醛、丙酮、丙醇和异丙醇b.戊醛、2-戊酮和环戊酮答案:a.A丙醛B丙酮C丙醇D异丙醇2,4-二硝基苯肼有沉淀无沉淀ABCDTollen试剂I2/NaOH沉淀A无沉淀B无沉淀C黄色沉淀Db.A戊醛B2-戊酮C环戊酮Tollen试剂沉淀A无沉淀BCI2/NaOHCHI3无沉淀BC8.5完成下列转化a.C2H5OHCH3CHCOOHOHb.COClCOc.OOHd.HCCHCH3CH2CH2CH2OHe.CH3CH2CCH3OHCH3f.CH3CH=CHCHOCH3CH-CHCHOOHOHg.CH3CH2CH2OHCH3CH2CH2CH2OH答案:a.C2H5OHCrO3.(Py)2CH3CHOCH3CHOHCNH+CH3CHCOOHOHb.COCl无水AlCl3COc.ONaBH4OHd.HCCHH+Hg+,H2OCH3CHO稀OH-CH3CH=CHCHOH2/NiCH3CH2CH2CH2OHe.CH3Cl2光CH2ClMgEt2OCH2MgClH+CH3COCH3CH2CCH3OHCH3f.CH3CH=CHCHOOHOH无水HClCH3CH=CHCHOO稀冷KMnO4OH-OOCH3CH-CHCHOHOHH3O+CH3CH-CHCHOOHOHg.CH3CH2CH2OHHBrCH3CH2CH2BrMgEt2OCH3CH2CH2MgBrHCHOH+CH3CH2CH2CH2OHHCNH2OH2O1)2)1)2)8.6写出由相应的羰基化合物及格氏试剂合成2-丁醇的两条路线.答案:ACH3CH2CHO+CH3MgBrBCH3CHO+CH3CH2MgBr8.7分别由苯及甲苯合成2-苯基乙醇答案:CH3Cl2光照CH2ClMgEt2OCH2MgClHCHOH+CH2CH2OH1)2)BrMgBrOH+Br2FeMgEt2OH2O8.8下列化合物中,哪个是半缩醛(或半缩酮),哪个是缩醛(或缩酮)?并写出由相应的醇及醛或酮制备它们的反应式。a.OOb.OHOCH2CH2OHOCHCH3OHc.d.OOH答案:a.缩酮b.半缩酮c.d半缩醛8.9将下列化合物分别溶于水,并加入少量HCl,则在每个溶液中应存在哪些有机化合物?a.OOHOHOHb.CH3OOOOHOHOc.答案:b.H3COOH+CH3CHO+HOCH2CH2OH+OHa.OOHOHOHOOHOHOc.H+OHOHOHHOH+OHOHOHHO8.10分子式为C5H12O的A,氧化后得B(C5H10O),B能与2,4-二硝基苯肼反应,并在与碘的碱溶液共热时生成黄色沉淀。A与浓硫酸共热得C(C5H10),C经高锰酸钾氧化得丙酮及乙酸。推断A的结构,并写出推断过程的反应式。答案:A.CHH3CCHCH3OHB.CHH3CCCH3H3CH3COC.CH3CCHCH3H3C8.11麝香酮(C16H30O)是由雄麝鹿臭腺中分离出来的一种活性物质,可用于医药及配制高档香精。麝香酮与硝酸一起加热氧化,可得以下两种二元羧酸:HOOC(CH2)12CHCOOHCH3HOOC(CH2)11CHCH2COOHCH3将麝香酮以锌-汞齐及盐酸还原,得到甲基环十五碳烷15CH3,写出麝香酮的结构式。答案:OCH38.12分子式为C6H12O的A,能与苯肼作用但不发生银镜反应。A经催化氢化得分子式为C6H14O的B,B与浓硫酸共热得C(C6H12)。C经臭氧化并水解得D和E。D能发生银镜反应,但不起碘仿反应,而E则可发生碘仿反应而无银镜反应。写出A-E的结构式及各步反应式。答案:ACH3CH-C-CH2CH3CH3OB.H3CCHH3CCHCH2CH3OHC.H3CCH3CCHCH2CH3D.CH3CH2CHOE.CH3COCH38.13灵猫酮A是由香猫的臭腺中分离出的香气成分,是一种珍贵的香原料,其分子式为C17H30O。A能与羟胺等氨的衍生物作用,但不发生银镜反应。A能使溴的四氯化碳溶液褪色生成分子式为C17H30Br2O的B。将A与高锰酸钾水溶液一起加热得到氧化产物C,分子式为C17H30O5。但如以硝酸与A一起加热,则得到如下的两个二元羧酸:HOOC(CH2)7COOHHOOC(CH2)6COOH将A于室温催化氢化得分子式为C17H32O的D,D与硝酸加热得到HOOC(CH2)15COOH。写出灵猫酮以及B,C,D的结构式,并写出各步反应式。答案:OOOOBrBrHOOCCOOHABCD
本文标题:第八章醛酮醌
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