生化期末名词解释

1.α-helicesα－螺旋:α-Helixisoneofthesecondarystructureofproteins.Inα-helicesinthepolypeptidechainmakeaclockwisespiralaroundthecenteraxis,theso-calledrighthandspiral.Every3.6aminoacidresiduesincreasedinacircle,sidechainoftheaminoacidresiduesintotheoutsideoftheHelix,α-Helixpeptidehydrogenbondsformedbetweenupanddownstabilitydependsonmaintaining.2.Glycolysis:Aanaerobicdegradationisuniversalandancientcentralpathwayofglucosecatabolism.Inglycolysisamoleculeofglucoseisdegradedinaseriesofenzymaticreactionstoyieldtwomoleculesofpyruvateorlactate.Thebasicprocessofglycolysiscanbedividedintotwophase:reactionsfromglucosetopyruvateandfrompyruvatetolactate.3.One-carbonunits一碳单位:thecatabolismofaminoacidscontainingonecarbonatomofthegroupsgeneratedintheprocess,includingmethyl,methylene,methylvinyl,methylethynylradicalandformylandmethyliminoandsoon.4.Metabolism物质代谢:organisminthelifeprocessofcontinuousintakeofO2andnutrients,andintermediarymetabolisminthecells,whilecontinuingtodischargeCO2andwaste,theorganismandtheenvironmentongoingexchangebetweenthemetabolism.5.ExpressionVector:AmodifiedplasmidorvirusthatcarriesageneorcDNAintoasuitablehostcellandtheredirectssynthesisoftheencodedprotein.SomeexpressionvectorsaredesignedforscreeningDNAlibrariesforageneofinterest;others,forproducinglargeamountsofaproteinfromitsclonedgene.6.Ribosome核糖体:ribosomalrRNAandribosomalproteinform,dividedintotwolargeandsmallsubunits.Ribosomefunctionasplacesofproteinsynthesiswithinthecell.IntheRibosome,rRNAandribosomalproteincommontomRNA,andtRNAandaminoacidcomplexes,translationinitiationfactor,translationelongationfactor,andothermoleculesinvolvedintheproteinsynthesisprocessprovidesidentificationandbindingsites.7.ACAT(acylCoAcholesterylacyltransferase脂酰CoA胆固醇脂酰转移酶):lecithincholesterolacyltransferasecatalyzedHDLlecithin2fattyacyltransfertofreecholesterolon3SeatislocatedintheHDLSurfaceesterificationofcholesteroltoHDLKerneltransfersHDLReversecholesteroltransportandmature.8.Antimetabolitenucleotidesynthesis核苷酸合成的抗代谢物:purine,pyrimidine,folicacidandcertainaminoacidanalogsbycompetitiveinhibitionordeceptivemeanstointerfereorblockthenormalmetabolismofnucleotides,thusfurtherinhibitingnucleicacid,proteinsynthesisandcellproliferationof,namelyfornucleotidesynthesisofanti-metaboliceffects.9.Transcriptionbubble:byRNA-pol,partialunlocktheDNAdoublestrandandtranscriptionintheRNA3'-endforashortperiodattachedtoDNATemplatechainextendedprocessoftranscriptioncomplexeswhichareformed.10.Gluconeogenesis:Theprocessoftransformationofnon-carbohydratestoglucoseorglycogenistermedasgluconeogenesis.Non-carbohydratesaresomecompounds,suchasglucogenicaminoacids,lactate,glycerol,andotherorganicacids.11.Deoxy-nucleotides脱氧核苷酸:Deoxynucleosideandphosphateesterbondsthatconstitutedeoxynucleotide,theyconstitutetheDNA'sbasicunitofstructure,includingdAMPandthedGMP,anddTMP,anddCMPfour.12.Feedbackregulationofnucleotidesynthesis核苷酸合成的反馈调节:nucleotidesynthesisprocess,productinhibitionofcertainregulatoryenzymeinthereactionprocess,feedbackcontrolsynthesisofnucleotidesontheonehandtomeetthebody'sneeds,withouttoomuchsynthesisinordertosavenutrientsandenergyconsumption.13.Hormonesensitivelipase激素敏感脂肪酶:triglyceridelipase,whichavarietyofhormone-sensitive,isthekeyenzymeoffatmobilization.14.Thecoreenzyme核心酶:α2ββ'collectively,thecoreenzyme.Transcriptionextensiononlyneedsthecoreenzyme.15.DNAcloning:RecombinantDNAtechniqueinwhichspecificcDNAsorfragmentsofgenomicDNAareinsertedintoacloningvector,whichthenisincorporatedintoculturedhostcells(e.g.,E.colicells)andmaintainedduringgrowthofthehostcells;alsocalledgenecloning.16.Km:theMai'sconstant米氏常数.Km-Mentenconstantsaresingle-substratereactionsinenzymesreversiblewithsubstratetoproduceintermediateproductsandintermediateproductsintothesethreereactionrateconstantofsynthesis.Km=k2+k3/k1meterconstantishalfthespeedforamaximumspeedofsubstrateconcentration.17.OxidativePhosphorylation:TheprecessbywhichNADHandFADH2areoxidizedandthecoupledformationofATPfromADP,iscalledoxidativephosphorylation.18.Ubiquitylationtags泛素化标记:isadependentonATPinvolvedinproteininthecytoplasmofthelabelingprocess,markmultipleubiquitinmoleculesfromproteasomemarkedproteinsintopeptidesofsmallmolecules.19.Reversetranscriptaseenzymes逆转录酶:theRNAasatemplatesynthesisofDNA,isaRNAvirusreplication,needtoreversetranscriptase-catalyzedprocessisRNAasatemplatesynthesisofDNA/RNAhybriddouble-stranded,andhydrolysisofRNA,synthesisofDNADouble-strandprocess.20.Discontinuityinthegenes基因的不连续性:structureofeukaryoticgenesexistoneithersidehavenottranscribednoncodingsequence,oftentheregulationofgeneexpression.GeneintronwithinExonseparated,eukaryoticgenesarenotcontinuous.21.Theactivesiteoftheenzyme酶的活性中心:enzymesandenzymeactivityofcloselyrelatedgroupcalledtheessentialgroupsofenzymes.Theseessentialgroupsinprimarystructuremaybeveryfarawaybutclosetoeachotherinspacestructures,formedwithaspecificregionofspacestructure.Theregionspecificcombinationwithsubstrateandsubstrateintoproduct.Theregionknownastheactivesiteoftheenzyme.22.Thep/oratioP/O比值:thep/oratiore