社会文化因素对翻译实践的影响

AbstractITHESOCIALANDCULTURALFACTORSONTHETRASLATIONPRACTICESAbstractThisdissertationdiscussestheinterferenceofsocial-culturalfactorswiththeprocessoftranslation.Thetraditionalstudyoftranslationhasmainlybeenapproachedfromtheperspectiveofcomparativeliterature.Atthisstage,translationisregardedasakindoflinguistictranscending.However,duetoitsself-imposedlimitations,itisunabletoaccountforthecomplexitiesoftranslation,especiallyliterarytranslation.Startingfromthe1970s,translationstudieshavegraduallytakenaculturalturn,andanewparadigmforthestudyoftranslationhasbeenestablished.AccordingtoBassnett(LiaoQiyi,2001:358),thepurposeofthetranslationtheoryistoenablepeopletounderstandtheprocessoftranslation,nottoproduceperfecttranslations.ThepolysystemtheoryasoutlinedbyItamarEven-ZoharandGideonTouryhasconsiderablywidenedthehorizonoftranslationstudiesandisparticularlyhelpfulfortheanalysisoftheinfluenceofextra-literaryfactorsonthepoeticdecisionsofthetranslator.Foronething,translationisevaluatedinthecontextsofbothcultureandhistory.Foranother,alldisciplinesandphenomenarelatingtotranslationhavebecomeobjectsofstudy.Keywords:Society;Culture;Translation;Influence摘要II社会文化因素对翻译实践的影响摘要本文的研究主题是从翻译现象看社会文化因素对翻译的干扰及其这种现象带给我们对传统翻译理论的思考。传统的翻译研究把原文放在至高无上的位置，注重的是译文与原文的对等，这样就把原文当作了衡量译文质量的唯一标准。翻译被当作是两种语言之间的转换，所谓的翻译理论也仅仅局限于一些对译文的技巧分析及对译文优劣的衡量。然而，由于语言学自身的局限，它无法解释复杂的翻译尤其是文学翻译现象。自二十世纪七十年代以来，翻译研究领域逐渐出现了“文化转向”，对翻译的研究被置于更广泛的文化视域中。正如苏珊·巴斯内特所说，翻译理论的目的是使人们理解翻译的过程，而不是制定一套方法，产生完美的译文(廖七一，2001：358)。埃文·佐哈尔的“多元系统”理论以及它的延展理论大大拓宽了翻译研究的领域，为我们研究社会文化等外部因素对译者翻译抉择过程的影响提供了有力的理论依据，也构成了本文的理论基础。一方面，翻译被放置在了宏观的历史和文化的视域中加以考察；另一方面，所有与翻译有关的现象都成了我们研究与考察的对象。正是在这一理论的启发下，本文将主要从清末民初的翻译现象考察社会文化因素对翻译的影响。本文研究的具体范围是1896年至1919年期间译介到中国的各种文学作品。选择这一范围是由于我国历史上的翻译高潮之一出现在这一时期，然而这一时期的翻译由于与原文有很大的出入而经常被认为是没有价值的。的确，这一时期的大部分翻译都不忠实于原文，然而，我们需要区分由于文化的干扰而使译者对原文的有意的操纵与由于译者能力不足而产生的误译。本文主要研究了在这一特定时期译者操纵原文的深层原因。关键词：社会；文化；翻译；影响AbstractiCONTENTSCHAPTERIINTRODUCTION..........................................................................1CHAPTERIICULTUREANDSOCIETY.........................................................32.1HowCultureandSocietyAffectingTranslation.........................................32.2The“Cultureturn”inTranslationStudies..................................................4CHAPTERIIITHESOCIALANDCULTURALSITUATIONOFQINGDYNASTYANDITSINFLUENCEONTRANSLATION................................53.1TheGreatCivilizationofChina..................................................................53.2TranslationasaCross-culturalActivity......................................................73.3ThePositionofTranslators.........................................................................83.4TheSocialProblems...................................................................................93.5GenderDepiction......................................................................................10CHAPTERIVTHEINFLUENCEONESSAYSANDPLAYS.......................134.1Fiction........................................................................................................134.2TheInfluenceontheTargetLanguage:theProsperityofaGenre...........144.3TheImpactontheTargetCulture:TransformationofThoughts.............14CHAPTERVTHEDIFFERENTTRANSLATIONSONDIFFERENTSOCIALANDCULTURALSITUATION.........................................................165.1CulturalandSocialSituation....................................................................165.2TheDifferencesoftheThreePeriodsTranslations...................................175.3Translator'sPurpose..................................................................................19CHAPTERVICONCLUSION..........................................................................21REFERENCES....................................................................................................24ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS................................................................................251CHAPTERIINTRODUCTIONThisdissertationdiscussestheinterferenceofsocial-culturalfactorswiththeprocessoftranslation.Thetraditionalstudyoftranslationhasmainlybeenapproachedfromtheperspectiveofcomparativeliterature.Atthisstage,translationisregardedasakindoflinguistictranscending.However,duetoitsself-imposedlimitations,itisunabletoaccountforthecomplexitiesoftranslation,especiallyliterarytranslation.Translationneverappearsfromnothing.Itistheresultof“objectiveobservestheformedmotivationinaspecifichistorical-culturalenvironment,analysisandstudiestherestrictionsfromfactorsofsociety,historyandculturetothestrategyandwaysoftranslating,andtheinfluenceonthereceivedculturefromtranslatingbooks.Translatingusuallyembodiestheattitudesofmain-streamculturetowardsforeignculture.Whatkindoftranslatingstrategychoseistheresultofinteractionsofmain-streamcultureandforeignculture?Therefore,translatingstrategyadaptedisnotoccasionally.Thewholedissertationisdividedintosixparts:Theintroductionbrieflyintroducesthebasicobjectiveandthescopeoftheresearch.Thefirstchapterisasurveyofthesocialbackground,thereasonsandrealityfortheboomingoftransl