程勇毕业论文-我国ERP发展状况及对策的研究

滁州职业技术学院信息工程系——2012届计算机信息管理专业毕业论文姓名：程勇班级：09计算机信息管理设计课题：我国ERP发展状况及对策的研究指导教师：杨阳2011年11月30日目录i目录摘要第一章ERP简介··································································································································11.1ERP概念·····································································································································11.2ERP发展阶段·······························································································································11.3ERP管理思想·······························································································································21.4ERP技术特点·······························································································································3第二章我国ERP发展的现状··················································································································42.1MRPⅡ初步应用阶段······················································································································42.2ERP推广应用及ERP产业初创阶段···································································································42.3ERP深入应用与ERP产业蓬勃发展阶段·····························································································4第三章ERP系统在实施中存在的问题及改进方案························································································53.1案例分析····································································································································53.2ERP在实施中存在的问题················································································································83.3改进方案····································································································································9第四章ERP未来发展趋势·····················································································································104.1ERP发展方向······························································································································104.2未来ERP主要特点······················································································································104.3我国ERP未来发展趋势················································································································11结束语···············································································································································11致谢···············································································································································12参考文献············································································································································13摘要摘要现阶段，企业信息化建设的一个重点是利用企业资源计划系统ERP（EnterpriseResourcePlanning）实现企业资源管理信息化。虽然国内外有许多商品化的ERP软件在不断推向市场，软件的功能和应用范围也在不断拓宽，但网络化和经济全球化时代下的企业之间的竞争焦点已经从单个企业之间的竞争转为跨企业的从原材料供应商、生产商到客户等整个虚拟产业链的竞争。如何在供需价值链中找准自己的最佳定位，如何提高企业自身和虚拟产业链的核心竞争力，将足现代企业竞争的主题。这就要求ERP要不断突破自身的局限性，以适应新形势下加强企业管理，提高企业运营效率，增强企业竞争力的需要。关键词：ERP产业链信息化竞争力滁州职业技术学院计算机信息管理专业毕业论文1第一章ERP简介1.1ERP概念ERP（EnterpriseResourcePlanning“企业资源计划”），可以从管理思想、软件产品、管理系统三个层次给出它的定义。（1）是由美国著名的计算机技术咨询和评估集团GarterGroupInc提出的一整套企业管理系统体系标准，其实质是在MRPII（ManufacturingResourcesPlanning“制造资源计划”）基础上进一步发展而成的面向供应链（SupplyChain）的管理思想；（2）是综合应用了客户机／服务器（C／S）体系、关系数据库结构、面向对象技术、图形用户界面、第四代语言（4GL）、网络通讯等信息产业成果，以ERP管理思想为灵魂的软件产品；（3）是整合了企业管理理念、业务流程、基础数据、人力物力、计算机硬件和软件于一体的企业资源管理系统。ERP的概念层次如图所示ERP管理系统ERP软件产品ERP管理思想ERP管理系统ERP软件产品ERP管理思想图1—11.2ERP发展阶段ERP管理思想与技术经历了30多年的发展变革，从物料需求计划MRP（MaterialRequirementPlanning）到制造资源计划MRPII（ManufacturingResourcePlanning），再进一步发展到企业资源计划ERP，逐渐成熟。ERP技术大致上经历了以下几个阶段：(1)20世纪60年代，早期的MRP是基于物料库存计划管理的生产管理系统。MRP系统的目标是：围绕所要生产的产品，应当在正确的时间、正确的地点、按照规定的数量得到真正需要的物料；通过按照各种物料真正需要的时间来确定订货与生产日期，以避免造成库存积压。(2)20世纪70年代，MRP经过发展形成了闭环的MRP生产计划与控制系统MRP基本原滁州职业技术学院计算机信息管理专业毕业论文2理是，将企业产品中的各种物料分为独立物料和相关物料，并按时间段确定不同时期的物料需求；基于产品结构的物料需求组织生产，根据产品完工日期和产品结构规定生产计划；从而解决库存物料订货与组织生产问题。MRP以物料为中心的组织生产模式体现了为顾客服务、按需定产的宗旨，计划统一且可行，并且借助计算机系统实现了对生产的闭环控制。(3)20世纪70年代末和80年代初，物料需求计划MRP经过发展和扩充逐步形成了制造资源计划MRPⅡ的生产管理方式。在MRPⅡ中，包括人工、物料、设备、能源、市场、资金、技术、空间、时间等制造资源都被考虑进来。MRPⅡ的基本思想是：基于企业经营目标制定生产计划，围绕物料转化组织制造资源，实现按需要按时进行生产。MRPⅡ主要环节涉及：经营规划、销售与运作计划、主生产计划、物料清单与物料需求计划、能力需求计划、车间作业管理、物料管理（库存管理与采购管理）、产品成本管理、财务管理等。从一定意义上讲，MRPⅡ系统实现了物流、信息流与资金流在企业管理方面的集成。由于MRPⅡ系统能为企业生产经营提供一个完整而详尽的计划，可使企业内各部门的活动协调一致，形成一个整体，它能提高企业的整体效率和效益。(4)20世纪90年代以来，MRPⅡ经过进一步发展完善，形成了企业资源计划ERP系统。与MRPⅡ相比，ERP除了包括和加强了MRPⅡ各种功能之外，更加面向全球市场，功能更为强大，所管理的企业资源更多，支持混合式生产方式，管理覆盖面更宽，并涉及了企业供应链管理，从企业全局角度进行经营与生产计划，是制造企业的综合的集成经营系统。ERP所采用的计算机技术也更加先进，形成了集成化的企业管理软件系统。1.3ERP管理思想ERP是由美国GartnerGroupInc.公司于20世纪90年代初提出的，是信息时代的现代企业向国际化发展的更高层管理模式。ERP管理思想主要体现了供应链管理SCM（SupplyChainManagement）的思想，还吸纳了准时生产JIT（JustInTime）、精良生产、并行工程、敏捷制造等先进管理思想。ERP既继承了MRPⅡ管理模式的精华，又在许多方面对MRPⅡ进行了扩充：(1)在资源管理范围方面：ERP扩展了管理范围，把客户需求和企业内部的制造活动、以及供应商的制造资源整合在一起，形成企业完整的供应链；并对供应链上所有环节进行有效管理。(2)在生产方式管理方面：在20世纪90年代初，许多企业为了紧跟市场的变化主要采用多品种、小批量生产以及JIT等生产方式，并由单一生产方式向混合型生产发展，ERP能很好地支持和管理混合型制造环境，满足企业多元化经营需求。滁州职业技术学院计算机信息管理专业毕业论文3(3)在管理功能方面：ERP除了