中国的金融体制改革与存款保险制度建设

1存款保险在促进农村金融发展中的作用TheRoleofDepositInsuranceonPromotingDevelopmentofRuralfinance颜海波YanHaibo中国人民银行金融稳定局ThePeople’sbankofChinaFinancialStabilityBureauMAY22th20082中国政府十分重视维护金融稳定和保护存款人权益问题ChineseGovernmentHighlightstheissuesofdepositorprotectionandfinancialstability1993年《国务院关于金融体制改革的决定》指出“要建立存款保险基金，保障社会公众利益”。Itwasstatedin“StateCouncil’sdecisiononFinancialRegimeReform”of1993thatthedepositinsurancefundshouldbeestablishedtoprotectpublicinterests.1997年召开的全国金融工作会议就明确提出要“逐步建立城乡信用社存款保险制度”ItwasstatedinNationalFinanceWorkingConferenceof1997thatthedepositinsuranceschemeshouldbeestablishedgradually.2007年召开的全国金融工作会议提出要加快建立存款保险制度，Itwasstatedin2007NationalFinanceWorkingConferencethatthedepositinsurancesystemconstructioninChinashouldbeaccelerated.3存款保险制度的基本功能TheBasicFunctionsofDepositInsuranceSystem增强存款人对金融体系的信心，防止银行挤兑，维护金融稳定Strengthendepositors’confidenceinfinancialsystem,preventbankrunsandmaintainfinancialstability促进市场监督，降低受保机构的经营风险，促进金融机构健康发展Promotemarketdiscipline,reducetherisksofinsuredinstitutionsandpromotethehealthyoperationoffinancialinstitutions促进受保机构间公平竞争，提高经营效率，提升受保金融机构的市场竞争力Promotethefaircompetitionamonginsuredinstitutions,enhanceoperationalefficiency,liftthecompetitivenessofinsuredinstitutions有助于完善市场退出机制，确保金融市场良性循环，健康发展Helpfultoimprovemarket-exitmechanism,ensurethebenigncycleoffinancialmarketandthemarket’shealthydevelopment4存款保险制度通过促进农村金融机构发展将有利于农村地区经济的发展DepositInsuranceSystemishelpfulforthedevelopmentofruralareasbypromotingruralfinancialinstitutions’development中国服务于农村地区的金融机构除中国农业银行、农业发展银行和中国邮政储蓄银行外，还是主要是以中小金融机构为主体。截止到2007年年底，我国共有农村商业银行17家，农村合作银行113家，农村信用社8348家，村镇银行19家，贷款公司4家，农村资金互助社8家。MostChineseruralfinancialinstitutionsweremiddleorsmallsizedalthoughwedohaveseverallargeruralfinancialinstitutionslikeAgriculturalBankofChina,ChinaAgriculturalDevelopmentBankandChinaPostalSavingsBank.Asoftheendof2007,thereare17ruralcommercialbanks,113ruralcooperativebanks,8348ruralcreditcooperatives,19countybanks,4loancompaniesand8ruralfundcooperatives.建立覆盖农村中小金融机构的存款保险制度将有利于增加农民对整个农村金融机构的信心，促进农村居民安心于在当地农村金融机构存款和贷款，从而促进农村金融机构的发展。Thedepositinsurancesystemwhichcoverstheruralfinancialinstitutionswillbeusefultostrengthenfarmers’confidenceinruralfinancialinstitutions,promotethedevelopmentofruralfinancialinstitutionsbypromotingdepositsandloansinruralareas.5农村金融机构为我国农村经济发展提供了大量资金RuralfinancialinstitutionshaveprovidedalotoffundstoruralareaeconomicdevelopmentinChina2007年，农村信用社共提供农业贷款1.43万亿元，占其各项贷款的比例为46%In2007,theagriculturalloansfromruralcreditcooperativesamountedto1.43trillionRMByuan,whichwas46%ofaggregateloansofruralcreditcooperatives.向农户贷款的余额为1.16万亿元，农户贷款户数达到7817万户Loanstofarmersbalancedat1.16trillionRMByuan,covering78.17millionhouseholdsoffarmers.农户贷款覆盖面达到32.8%，受惠农民超过3亿。About32.8%farmershavebenefitedfromaboveloans,meaningthecoverageof0.3billionpersons.6我国农村金融机构较为脆弱，其倒闭的外溢效应强China’sruralfinancialinstitutionsarefragileandtheirfailureshavestrongspill-overeffects我国农村金融机构历史包袱沉重，因经营不善而发生倒闭的可能性较大，是目前我国金融体系中较为薄弱的环节1国家出台的对农村金融机构贷款利率浮动的优惠政策并没有产生实际效果2农村金融机构税负相对过重3长期的经营不善Withheavyhistoricalburden,ruralfinancialinstitutionsinChinawerefragileandhadahighprobabilityoffailureduetoinefficientoperation.TheyarealsotheweakpartsofChinesefinancialsystem.1Thefavorpolicyofloaninterestrateflexibilitythatcentralgovernmentdeliveredtoruralfinancialinstitutionsdidnotplayitsroleasitwassupposedto.2Theheavytaxburdenonruralfinancialinstitutions3long-timeinefficientoperation我国农村金融机构迁涉面广，风险传染性强，负外部性较大1从资金来源看2从农民的金融风险教育程度来看Chineseruralfinancialinstitutionswerevastlydistributed.Theyalsosufferedfromriskcontagionandhadshownnegativeexternalities1.Alookatfromfunds’resource2.Alookatfromfarmers’educationlevel7我国农村金融机构较为脆弱，其倒闭的外溢效应强China’sruralfinancialinstitutionsarefragileandtheirfailureshavestrongspill-overeffects农村的金融稳定关系到整个农村地区的经济和社会稳定Financialstabilityofruralareasconcernedtheeconomicandsocialstabilityforthewholeruralareas银行存款是中国农民主要生活和社会保障的经济来源。由于我国农村地区的社会保障制度和医疗保障制度目前仍不完善，农民主要依靠自身的积累来为养老和医疗提供保障。一旦农村金融机构倒闭，农民的储蓄存款面临损失，将会影响到更多的中小存款人，可能导致更大的社会不稳定。DepositswerethemajorresourcesofChinesepeasants’lifeandsocialsecurity.Sincethesocialsecurityandmedicaresysteminruralareaswerestillinprogress,peasantshadtorelyonthemselvestostrengthenabovesecurity.Incaseofanyruralfinancialinstitutionfailure,depositsoffarmerswillsuffertheloss,theinterestsofmiddleorsmalldepositorswillbeimpairedandsocialinstabilitymayconcern.8存款保险制度将促进农村金融机构的平等竞争，并有利于其市场化发展DepositInsuranceSystemwashelpfultopromotethefaircompetitionamongruralfinancialinstitutionsandtotheirmarket-orienteddevelopments我国农村金融机构普遍规模偏小，资产质量较低，盈利能力不强.2007年单个农村信用社资产约为5亿元，单个农村商业银行资产约为360亿元，单个农村合作银行资产约为60亿元。Chineseruralfinancialinstitutionsweresmall-sized.Theywerenotgoodatassetqualityandmakingprofits.In2007,theaverageassetfortheruralcreditcooperativesamountedto0.5billionRMByuan.Forruralcommercialbanks,theaverageassetamountedto36billionRMByuanwhileforruralcooperativebanks,theaverageassetamountedto6billionRMByuan.农村金融机构公司治理结构不尽合理，体制改革尚未完成.目前农村信用社产权制度改革取得较大进展，农村金融市场竞争机制建设取得新突破。但农村中小金融机构仍然存在许多不足Thecorporategovernancesystemofru