中国社区银行的发展-中国地方性(社区)银行的发展情况

China’sCommunityBanks中国地方性(社区)银行的发展情况ByDr.TaoZhangPeople’sBankofChinaMay2005,Shanghai,China2005年5月25日,上海Outline•Background:China’sbankingsystem•China’scommunitybanks•IssuesfordiscussionTheBankingSystem:Alargerangeofbanks•4SOBs•3Policybanks•12JEBs•112CityCommercialBanks•709Citycreditunions•4Ruralcommercialbanks•4Ruralcooperativebanks•33,586ruralcreditunions•119foreign-ownedbankinginstitutions(branches,res.rep.offices)Sizeofthebankingsector•Bankingsector:dominantinthefinancialindustry•ByMarch2005，totalbankingassetsY32.trillionRMB(vs.GDP:Y10.4trillionRMB)•That’s95%ofthetotalassetoftheentirefinancialinstitutionsBanklendingdominates(byend2004）loans：82.9%treasurybonds:10.8%corporatebonds:1.1%stocks:5.2%64.21%12%0.61%6.10%17.28%国有商业银行股份制商业银行城市商业银行城市信用社农信社及农商行SSOBMarketshares:distributionofbanks全国商业银行市场份额比较表Whatisacommunitybank•Definition1:providingbankingservicestolocalresidentsandfirms,andindoingso,specializinginprovidingbankingservicestolocalcommunities;•Definition2:charteredorlicensedtoprovidecommercialbankingorsavingservicesinaspecifiedlocalitySomecharactersofcommunitybanks社区银行的基本特征•Limitedsizeofassets(USA：lessthanUS$1billion）•Atleasthalfofdepositscomefromlocalcommunity至少一半的存款来自于同一个县内的各个分支机构•Clientbase:localcommunity,SMEsCommunityBanksinChina中国的中小金融机构•China’scommunitybanks:indistinguishfromnationalandregionalbanks•Therearecityandruralcommunitybanks•Thereisnotyetasinglecommunitybankthat’sisprivatelyownedTypesofCommunityBanksinChina中国小金融机构的类型•Citycommercialbanks城市商业银行•Citycreditunions城市信用社•Ruralcreditunions农村信用社•Ruralcooperativebanks农村合作银行•Ruralcommercialbanks农村商业银行•SomeJoint-EquityBanks(JVBs)WhyCommunityBanks•Helpeasethesituation:SMEandruralfinancing社区银行可以有效地改善中小企业和农村贷款难的状况。•Nottocompetewith“bigbrothers”社区银行服务于小企业和社区居民，和大银行不会形成激烈冲突。•Localknowledgeadvantage社区银行通常十分熟悉本地市场，信息不对称程度相对大银行而言较小。•Winningmoresupportfromlocalgovernmentandlocalresidents社区银行则主要将一个地区吸收的存款继续投入到该地区，从而推动当地经济的发展，因此将比大银行更能获得当地政府和居民的支持。Buttherearedebates…•Sizedoesnotmattermost•Corporategovernancethatismarket-based•Greaternumberofsmallbankshelpimprovethecompositionofmarketplayers•Butmoreimportantistofixthe“bad”institutionsCityCreditUnion:FactsandFigures城市信用社CityCreditUnion:Facts城市信用社的改革和发展历程•FirstCCUstartedin1979•Becamemorepopularin1986•Consolidationin1989•Recoveredafter1992•SomerestructuredtocitycooperativeBanksin1995，renamedtoCityCommercialBanksafter1998•Close-downofsomeoftheCCUsin1999•Anotherroundofconsolidationin2000CityCreditUnions:Figures(endJune2004)•709institutionsnation-wide全国共有城市信用社法人机构709家。•412inbusiness处于运营状态的城市信用社412家。•Totalasset:151.769billionYuan账面资产总额1517.69亿元。•Pre-taxprofit:173millionYuaninH12004CityCommercialBank城市商业银行•1995,somecitycreditunionswasrestructuredintocitycooperativebanks,toprovidecommercialbankingservicestoSMEs•Completionofcitycooperativebankstocitycommercialbanksin1998•112citycommercialbanks•Totalasset:1667.15billionyuan(byendMarch2005)•That’s5.1%oftotalassetoffinancialinstitutionsinChina•NPLratio:11.5%CityCommercialBanks:Figures(end2004)图表1-2全国城市商业银行资产负债及损益简表单位：亿元/%100millionyuanNo.ofinstitutions112Employees109211Totalasset16938.07loans9045.31NPL1060.97NPLratio11.73%CityCommercialBanks:MainIssues主要问题•Lackofmanagerialskills资本管理水平较低，•Capitalinadequacy资本充足率不足的问题日益突出，•Lowqualityofasset总体资产状况较差，•DifficultNPLdissolution不良资产处置难度加大，资产损失率较高•Regionalimbalance发展极不平衡，呈现明显的地区性差异；少数高风险行经营困难，风险状况十分严重。。RuralCreditUnions:Factsandfigures农村信用社•农村信用社的经营状况•农村信用社改革:afocusRurulcreditunion:figures(end2004)•Totaldeposits:2784.097byuan•Totallending:1955.125byuan•NPLratio:23.1%,fellby6.27%withintheyear•Lendingtoagriculturalsector:849.029byuan,upby22.5%•Lendingtofarmers:679.956bYuan,upby21.86%•26,245RCUsmadeprofitin2004,accountingfor81%ofthenation-wideRCUs•RCUsasawholeinoperationalsurplusof10.462bYuan,firsttimeeverRuralcreditunions:facts•AssociatedwithandmanagedChinaAgricultureBank1978-1996by1978年，农村信用社交由中国农业银行管理。•IndependentfromCABCin1996,supervisedbyPBOC•PilotingreformsofRCUsinJuly2007:Jiangsuprovince,etc:6provincial-levelRCUsand65perfecture-levelRCUs•2003-2004:RCUsreformexpandedtoallprovincesRCUs:ReformMeasures•Purpose:commercialization•Principle:ownership;incentive;Central-localresponsibility•Twokeyissues–Ownership:localgovernments–CorporategovernanceMoreRCUReformsRuralCooperativeBank/RuralCommercialbank•Figures经营状况•Mainissues存在问题RCBs/RComB:Figures•Byend03/05,19RCBsand8RComBsinoperation•23RCBsand1RComBsissuedwithlicencebutyetinoperation•NPLratio:6.1%•RCBsandRComBallmeetminimumCARrequirements(8%and4%respectively)RCBs/RComBs:Mainissues存在问题•WeakGovernance股权设置不尽合理，法人治理尚待完善。•LackofInternalcontrol内部控制制度不够健全。•Weakhumanresourcemanagement劳动人事制度滞后，高素质人才缺乏。JVBsGrowthofcreditlending,2001-2004年股份制商业银行贷款增速变动图33.8739.0539.1120.50510152025303540452001200220032004贷款增长%Privately-ownedbanks民营银行•Whatisaprivate-ownedbankinChina?民营银行的界定•Whyprivate-ownedbankandwhynot??民营银行的优点•Private-ownedbank:communitybanktomorrow?民营银行是中国发展战略的必然选择Whatisaprivatelyownedbank民营银行的界定•Def1:controlledbyprivatecapital(equity)第一种定义强调产权结构，认为由民间资本控股的就是民营银行。•Def2:serveforprivatebusinessfirm