浅谈比亚迪F3汽车防抱死制动系统王晓东

摘要在汽车防抱死制动系统出现之前，汽车所用的都是开环制动系统。其特点是制动器制动力矩的大小仅与驾驶员的操纵力、制动力的分配调节以及制动器的尺寸和型式有关。由于没有车轮运动状态的反馈信号，无法测知制动过程中车轮的速度和抱死情况，汽车就不可能据此调节轮缸或气室制动压力的大小。因此在紧急制动时，不可避免地出现车轮在地面上抱死拖滑的现象。当车轮抱死时，地面的侧向附着性能很差，所能提供的侧向附着力很小，汽车在受到任何微小外力的作用下就会出现方向失稳问题，极易发生交通事故。在潮湿路面或冰雪路面上制动时，这种方向失稳的现象会更加严重。汽车防抱死制动系统（Anti-lockBrakingSystem简称ABS）的出现从根本上解决了汽车在制动过程中的车轮抱死问题。它的基本功能就是通过传感器感知车轮每一瞬时的运动状态，并根据其运动状态相应地调节制动器制动力矩的大小以避免出现车轮的抱死现象，因而是一个闭环制动系统。它是电子控制技术在汽车上最有成就的应用项目之一，汽车制动防抱死系统可使汽车在制动时维持方向稳定性和缩短制动距离，有效提高行车的安全性。关键词：ABS故障防抱死制动系统继电器AbstractBeforetheautomobileanti-lockbrakingsystemappears,theautomobileusesisthesplit-ringbrakingsystem.Itscharacteristicisthebrakebrakingmomentsizeonlywithpilot'scontrolforce,thebrakingforceassignmentadjustmentaswellasbrake'ssizeconcernswiththepattern.Becausedoesnothavethewheelstateofmotionfeedbacksignal,isunabletomeasurethatknowsinthebrakeprocesswheel'sspeedandholdsthedeadsituation,theautomobileisimpossibletoadjustthewheelcylinderortheairchamberbrakepressuresizeaccordingtotheabove.Thereforewhenemergencybrake,presentsthewheeltohuginevitablyinthegrounddiestowstheslipperyphenomenon.Whenthewheelhugsdies,thegroundlateraladhesionperformanceisverybad,canprovidethelateraladhesionisverysmall,theautomobilewillreceiveanysmallexternalforceunderthefunctiontohavethedirectionjitterproblem,extremelyeasytohavethetrafficaccident.Appliesthebrakewhenthemoistroadsurfaceorthesnowandiceroadsurface,thiskindofdirectionjitter'sphenomenoncanbemoreserious.Theautomobileanti-lockbrakingsystem(Anti-lockBrakingSystemiscalledABS)theappearancefundamentallysolvedautomobile'stoholdthedeadquestioninbrakeprocesswheel.Itsbasicfunctionisthroughthesensorsensationwheeleachinstantstateofmotion,andadjuststhebrakebrakingtheautomobileappliesthebrakeagainsttohugthedeadsystemmaycausetheautomobilewhenthebrakemaintainstheyawingstabilityandthereductionstoppingdistance,enhancesthedrivingeffectivelythesecurity.keyword:ABSbreakdownanti-lockbrakingsystemrelay目录I目录第一章前言·····································································1第二章比亚迪F3的ABS故障的诊断步骤······························2第三章比亚迪F3的ABS故障分析·······································3第四章比亚迪F3的ABS故障诊断要点·································5第五章比亚迪F3的ABS(制动防抱死)系统故障·······················75.1观察法····································································75.2直观检查·································································75.3利用故障诊断表检查·················································85.4故障码诊断法··························································85.5仪表快速检查法·······················································105.6警告灯诊断法··························································10第六章比亚迪F3的ABS系统故障的判断······························126.1对ABS系统的故障判断·············································126.2对ABS系统的故障检测·············································126.3用跨线短接法读取ABS系统故障码的操作程序···············136.4ABS的自诊与检查·····················································14第七章比亚迪F3的制动压力调节器故障的诊断和排除·············187.1制动压力调节器的可能故障········································187.2排除方法·································································187.3控制继电器的检查·····················································18总结··················································································19参考文献···········································································20致谢··················································································21第一章前言1第一章前言“ABS”中文译为“防锁死刹车系统”。它是一种具有防滑、防锁死等优点的汽车安全控制系统。ABS是常规刹车装置基础上的改进型技术，可分机械式和电子式两种。机械式ABS的结构简单，主要是一个机械阀，利用阀体内一个橡胶气囊对刹车压力的反馈来不断放松、制动，从而达到轮胎不抱死的结果，目前一些国产皮卡和低档客车大部分采取了这种装置。电子式ABS是由轮速传感器、线束、电脑、ABS液压泵、指示灯等部件构成，能根据每个车轮的摩擦力、转速、转弯角度和车身倾斜度等来向车子的电脑系统发出信号，由电脑分配刹车力度频率，控制发动机扭力输出，对每个车轮施加不同的刹车力度，从而达到科学合理分配制动力的效果，有效地克服紧急刹车时车辆跑偏、侧滑、追尾现象，防止车身失控等情况的发生第二章比亚迪F3的ABS故障的诊断步骤2第二章比亚迪F3的ABS故障的诊断步骤一般是：分析故障现象——初步直观检查——读解故障代码——利用工具仪器深入检查确定故障部位和原因——排除故障。装有ABS的汽车制动时，轮胎与地面应有压痕而不是拖痕。若汽车以30～40km／h速度行驶制动时，轮胎与地面有拖印，说明ABS故障。但需注意，当车速度低于lOkm／h时，ABS将不起作用。汽车在制动后期会出现轮胎抱死拖滑印痕，这属于正常现象。制动不良的现象即制动不灵、制动时汽车侧滑(不能沿直线行驶)、制动发咬等。ABS一般有2个报警灯，制动报警灯(红色，标BRAKE)和防抱报警灯(黄色，标ABS或AN－L0CK)，2个报警灯在发动机启动时都亮。启动后，防拖报警灯继续亮3～5S，而当发动机正常工作、汽车行驶或制动时，这2个报警灯均应熄灭，若还亮或间歇性闪烁，为制动系统有故障。第三章比亚迪F3的ABS故障分析3第三章比亚迪F3的ABS故障分析ABS实际上是一套电子控制电路，其故障也即多发生于电路和继电器上。ABS一般都有自检功能和后备功能，系统一旦出现故障，警示灯便有规律地闪动，对照有关说明即可查出故障原因。同时ABS自动切断，汽车恢复传统的行车制动方代。ABS发生故障时，如果缺乏ABS故障代码表及有关维修资料，可用万用表对电路、继电器进行检查，并对传感器和电磁阀进行检查试验，如果均为正常，则应更换控制器，电磁阀和传感器均可进行单体试验、检杳，如果有故障，应更换新件。在对ABS进行捡查时，必须将其电源断开。传感器性能的好坏，与平时使用维护关系很大。而传感器，尤其是轮速传感器工作性能不好时，便无法准确感知车轮的转速信号，ABS就不可能正确控制车轮防抱机构工作。因此，对于安装ABS的汽车，应对轮速传感器进行定期检查和清理轮速传感器的工作情况也可通过其工作状态的输出电压波形来观察。如故障是转子齿圈有一个齿槽被异物填埋，感应信号中便减少了一个波谷。这种情况下，轮速传感器输出的转速信号不准确。因此，必须拆下转子齿圈，将齿圈清理干净，并检查转子齿圈各齿牙有无损坏现象，齿牙损坏会影响传感器中电磁线圈的感应电流强度，亦即影响传感器的输出电压波彤，最终导致转速信号不准确。另外，轮速传感器故障，波形的波谷、波峰呈规律性变化，说明转于齿圈安装不良、有偏心现象。当转子齿圈随车轮一起旋转时，转子齿圈的齿顶距传感器近，感应电压高；转子齿圈的齿顶离传感器远，感应电压低。对于偏心转子齿圈应重新调整其安装位置，使转子齿圈的各齿顶与传感器极轴之间的间隙保持一致。轮速传感器的信号感应部分主要是电磁感应线圈。当其发生故障时，线圈的阻值将发生变化。因此，检杏电磁感应线圈最简便的方法是利用万第三章比亚迪F3的ABS故障分析4用表测量线圈的电阻值。电磁感应线圈损坏后，一般无修复价值，应更换新件。第四章比亚迪F3的ABS故障诊断要点5第四章比亚迪F3的ABS故障诊断要点在进行ABS故障诊断时，应将其某些现象与故障区分开。1)某些装有ABS的汽车，在发动机发动时，踩下的制动踏板会