美国文学简史-期末复习资料

i.TheColonialPeriod1.关键词:AmericaPuritanism2.Calvinism特点:totaldepravity,Unconditionalelection,Limitedatonement,Irresistiblegrace,Perseveranceofthesaints3.AnneBradstreet(P17):aPuritanpoetbeknownas“TheMuse”4.ThomasPaine:oneofcontinual,unswervingfightfortherightsofman.works:“CommonSense”“AmericanCrisis”“TheRightsofMan”“TheAgeofReason”理性时代5.PhillipFreneau(P22):美国文学史上的重要人物dawningnationalism代表人物Poems:TheWildHoneysuckle野生的金银花firstmodernAmerican&thelastmedievalman6.JonathanEdwards(Calvinism)acriticalroleinshapingtheFirstGreatAwakeningworks:“TheFreedomoftheWill”《自由意志论》“TheGreatDoctrineofOriginalSinDefended”《伟哉原罪论辩》“TheNatureofTrueVirtue”“AmericanDream”“Self-made”7.BenjaminFranklin(puritanism)“PoorRichard’sAlmance”“autobiography”新文学形式“18thcenturyenlightenment”ii.Romanticism1.WashingtonIrving（1783-1859）①titles:“thefatherofAmericanliterature”“theAmericanGoldsmith”②works:TheSketchBook(markedthebeginningofAmericanRomanticismandthebeginningofshortstoriesasagenreinAmericanliterature)RipVanWinkle(P47—P48)TheLegendofSleepyHollow2.JamesFenimoreCooper（1789-1851）①OneofthefirstwritertowriteAmericanWestwardmovement②“TheLeatherstockingTales”(novel)firstis“ThePioneers”---Plot:---themeconflictbetweenNattyBumppoandJudgeTemple----character:NattyBumppo---innocent,simple,honestandgenerous,forfreedom,againstcivilization,wildernessisgoodJudgeTemple---just,reasonable,forcivilizationandlaw③Writingstyle:intriguingplotmajesticlandscapedescriptionsrichimaginationwoodencharacterizationnotauthenticdialectiii.NewEnglandTranscendentalism---theculminationofAmericanRomanticismBeginningoftheTranscendentalism---1836,Nature,Emerson(1830s–theCivilWar)Features：a:emphasizingonspiritortheOver-soul；b:stressingtheimportanceoftheindividual；c:offeringafreshperceptionofnatureassymbolicoftheSpiritorGod.1.RalphWaldoEmerson：ThefounderoftheTranscendentalistclubandtheeditorforatimeofthejournaltheDialWorks:Nature---“theManifestoofAmericanTranscendentalism”“theBibleofNewEngland”:ThePoet(fromNature)TheAmericanScholar---“IntellectualDeclarationofIndependence”2.HenryDavidThoreauMasterpiece:Walden(Failurefirst,successinthe20thcentury)Content---afaithfulrecordofhisreflectionincommunicatingwithnature3.NathanielHawthorne“TheScarletLetter”Plot(P74)Theme:---(generaltheme)evilandsinexistinhumanheartandwillbepunishedonedaymoral,emotionalandpsychologicaleffectofthesinonthepeopleingeneral---(specifictheme)ahymnonthemoralgrowthofthewomanHesterwhensinnedagainstsymbolism象征主义:“A”—Adultery—able—angel“pearl”—treasure4.HermanMelvilleworks:MobyDick(1851)---littleresponse,famousuntilthe20thcenturyContent:---(generalcontent)anencyclopediaofeverything---(specificcontent)atragedyofmanfightingagainstoverwhelmingpowerinanindifferentevenhostileworld5.EdgarAllanPoeTheme:ThedeathofbeautySenseoflossWorks:Poem---“TheRaven”“ToHelen”“AnnabelLee”Writingstyle:MusicalRepetitionofwordsParalleledstructureMelancholyatmosphere(tone)Shortstory---TheFalloftheHouseofUsherPlot:(P112)Theme:thefallofthehouse---theannihilation(disintegration)andofperson6.EmilyDickinsonSubjectandtheme:①(almostonethird)Deathandimmortality“Mylifeclosedtwicebeforeitsclose”“BecauseIcouldnotstopfordeath”theme:Everyonecan’tliveforever.Onlyafterdeathcanwegetimmortality(immortalityofsoul)“IheardaFlyBuzz-WhenIdied”theme:skeptical&ambivalentaboutdeathreluctancetodeath②Love“WildNights-Wildnights”(P99)③nature(bothbenevolentandcruel)“I’lltellyouhowthesunrose”④emphasisoffreewillandhumanresponsibility“Tofightaloud”“Atriumphmaybe”⑤soul(convictionofhersovereignty)“IknowthatHeexists”“TheBrainiswiderthanthesky”Theme:influenceofTranscendentalismHumanbeing’smind(soul)isasdivineasGod⑥beauty,truthandgoodnessareultimatelyone“Idiedforbeauty-butwasscare”“Tellallthetruthbuttellitslant”(P102)Writingstyle:emotional,original,againsttraditionChoiceofwords,verbalconstruction(capitalizedanddash),spelling,fulloffreshimages,brief,direct,plainwordsbutnoteasytoreadInfluence:precursortotheImagistmovement7.WaltWhitmanWorks:“LeavesofGrass”草叶集(9editionsfrom1855to1892,Famousuntilthe5thedition)PoemsinLeavesofGrass:“SongofMyself”(mostfamousone)“OutoftheCradleEndlesslyRocking”(1859)“WhenLilacs紫丁香LastintheDooryardBloom’d”(1865)“OCaptainMyCaptain!”Writingstyle:freeverse(noregularrhyme,butmusical)iv.过渡时期HarrietBeecherStowework:UncleTom’sCabin---ThegreatestmanifestoofAmericananti-slavery(最有名的反奴隶制作品)Content:afaithfulrecordofAmericanblackpeople'smiserablelife.v.Realism镀金时代GildedAge1.WilliamDeanHowells豪厄尔斯①title:“championofliteraryrealisminUS”“firstpresidentofAmericanAcademyofArtsandLetters”②works:essay---CriticismandFictionnovel---TheRiseofSilasLaphamPlot:P120-121Character:SilasLapham---commonBostonianofthelate19thcentury,averageAmericahappywithhisfamilyandproudofhissuccessintheworldTheme:house---symbolofLapham’ssuccess(inmaterial)andaspirationforthepolitesocietytheburningofthehouse---financialfallandmoralrise2.HenryJames①themes:exchangesbetweenAmericansandEuropeans美国和欧洲文化的冲突②写作手法：a.eliminatestheauthorandgivesthereadertheillusionofbeingpresentatthesceneofaction让读者置身于情境中b.withoutcomme