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中西方价值观念差异(一):群体取向与个人主义取向(GroupvsIndividualismOrientation)•群体取向表现在两个方面:•1.群体取向(GroupOriented)•提倡家庭,社会和国家利益高于个人利益。•在等级社会,言行遵行人伦界定的规矩•在处理个人与集体关系方面,“贵有自知之明”“安于现状”“自我压抑”“循规蹈矩”•无我文化(I-lessculture):中国人习惯于避免“锋芒毕露”,因为“枪打出头鸟”2.他人取向(otherorientated)•1)考虑别人的感受和看法•2)导致中国人重面子和面子功夫•3)言行上不愿得罪人•4)强调人际关系群体取向价值观的积极和消极后果:•积极后果:•中国人性格内向,含蓄,好静,习惯于谦让,有利于处理好人际关系•消极后果:•使人们缺乏个人进取精神,缺乏个人竞争意识,而且过分重视“关系”。个人主义取向(IndividualismOrientation)•天人二分(dividednessbetweenManandNature):人与自然相分对立,而人处在支配和改造自然的地位•强调人的能动性,进取精神BenjaminFranklin•Godhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves.•上帝帮助自助者WinstonChurchil•“我们从我们的父母那里得到只有我们的名字而已,不是财产。我们必须寻找机会。我之特殊不是继承而来的,而是我通过拼博而取得的。”西方个人主义的结果•①隐私权•②对自由,对差异的追求•③美国人标新立异,强调外在的,个人的,权力的,功利的东西,而且好斗,崇尚竞争的缘故。中西方价值观念对比(二):天人合一(OnenessBetweenManandNature)与天人相分(DividednessBetweenManandNature)•中国:“天人合一”宇宙观•1.历史发展:•先秦时期,孔子提出“天何言哉”。•汉代,董仲舒提出“以类和之,天人一也”“天人感应”,•明清时期,明确提出“天人合一”思想•2.“天人合一”自然观的实质•是指人们对自然规律的顺从和对自然的崇拜,人们将自然中日夜交替,季节变换与人们的生活和活动周期相一致起来,一切都处在不断循环往复之中,并与自然和谐统一。3.“天人合一”思想的影响:•人们在政治,思想,情感,理智和实践等方面都力求与自然统一,达到顺其自然的境界。•群体取向(GroupOrientation)•人们在思想意识,思维模式以及言语观方面都倾向于求整体,求笼统,求综合和知觉上重直觉。言语观方面的整体体,笼统性,综合性(举例说明)•“饭吃了吗?”•“鸡毛蒜皮说了一大堆”•“恢复疲劳”•“看医生”•“苹果鸭梨买了一大堆”西方人:“天人相分”宇宙观•1.“天人相分”宇宙观的实质:•西方人认为世界上的万物都是对立的,一切二分;人与自然,物质与精神,社会与自然等,一切二分对立。•因此,人与自然相分对立,而人处在支配和改造自然的位置。2.影响:•个人主义取向(IndividualismOrientation)•天人相分决定了美国人一切二分,对待事物习惯分析的思想方式和重逻辑的思维模式,以及求“精确”的言语观。英语高度形式化,逻辑化,精确化(举例说明)•枯藤,老树,昏鸦。•小桥,流水,人家。•古道,西风,瘦马。•夕阳西下。•断肠人在天涯英译:•Crowshoveringoverruggedoldtreeswreathedwith,rottenvine-thedayisaboutdone.•Yonderisatinybridgeoverasparklingstream,Andonthefarbank,aprettylittlevillage.•Butthetravellerhastogoondownthisancientroad,thewestwindmoaning,hisbonyhorsegroaning,trudgingtowardsthesinkingsun,•Fartherandfarterawayfromhome.Case7:SilenceisGoldenand…Confusing•ChinesePerspective:•1)ThetraditionalChinesewayofteachingdoesnotencouragestudentquestioning.•2)Astudentquestioningtheprofessormightbelookeduponastheequivalentofchallengingtheauthorityofthelecturer.•3)needingtoaskaquestionmightsuggestthestudentwasslowandunabletounderstandabrilliantlecture.•4)manystudentsstillremainshyaboutaskingquestionsforfearthattheywillbeseenasignorant.•AmericanPerspective:•1.)studentsareexpectedtochallengeconventionalwisdom.•2.)Differencesofopinionareencouraged.•3.)Beingaskedquestionsbystudentsisasignthattheyareinterestedandwanttolearnmore.•4.)Theabilityofaprofessortolistentodivergentopinionsisasignofhisintellectualmaturity.•5.)Theabilityofastudenttoaskaprobingquestionisasignthatheisseriousaboutlearning.Case8:CriticizingaTeacher•ChinesePerspective:•1.)Chinesepeopleplacealotofemphasisonharmoniousrelationships.•2.)Itisdifficultandembarrassingtopointoutothers’wrongdoings.•3.)Thebossinvolvementinthecasewillnotmaketheemployeefeelpersonalabouttheissue.•4.)ThestudentsthoughtthattheywouldupsetRaymondiftheytalkedtohiminperson.NorthAmericanperspective:•1.)NorthAmericansliketomaintainaharmoniousworkingenvironment,too.•2.)IntheWest,studentswouldbeexpectedtospeakdirectlywiththeinstructor.•3.)Ifthestudentswenttoateacher’ssupervisor,theiractionswouldbeseenasastatementthattheteacherwasnotrespectedortrustedbythestudents,whichwouldembarrassedRaymond.Case9:AGiftofaBook•Chineseperspective:•1.Itisacommonpractice.•2.theauthorfinditembarrassingtotakethemoney.•3.someauthorssimplyinterpretthisasapolitewayofaskingforafreecopy.•4.theauthorissupposedtofeelgratefulaboutthisbecauseothersareinterestedinthebook.North-AmericanPerspective:•1.Andrewwassincereinindicatinghiswillingnesstopayforthebook.•2.BooksinNorthAmericatendtobeexpensive.•3.theauthorofthebookisentitledtobepaidfortheirwork.•4.AndrewrealizedthatProfessorLinmayhaveinterpretedhisquestionasaveiledrequestforafreecopy,whichembarrassedAndrew.
本文标题:案例分析(三)
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