暴风苏公式化语法第二章被动语态word版

第二章：被动语态英语动词有两种语态，主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。汉语中被动语态适用频率不是很高，但在英语中却是非常常见。在高考中单独考被动语态的题目不是很多，但是它与非谓语动词紧密联系，非谓语动词也可以认为是变相的被动语态。汉语中常用“被”、“给”、“由”、“受”等词用来表示被动，而英语用：助动词be+动词的过去分词构成。第一讲：被动语态的时态、人称和数被动语态的时态、人称和数主要体现在be的变化上，其形式与系动词be的变化形式完全一样。以give为例，列表如下：一般现在时：am/is/are+given一般过去时：was/were+given一般将来时：shall/will+be+given现在进行时：am/is/are+being+given现在完成时：have/has+been+given过去完成时：had+been+given过去进行时：was/were+being+given过去将来时：should/would+be+given将来完成时：shall/will+havebeen+given过去将来完成时：should/would+havebeen+given1.一般现在时：a.Peoplegrowriceinthesouthofthecountry.(主动)Riceisgrowninthesouthofthecountry.（被动）b.Theschooldoesn'tallowustoenterthechemistrylabwithoutateacher.(主动)Wearenotallowedtoenterthechemistrylabwithoutateacher.（被动）2.一般过去时：a.Theyagreedonthebuildingofanewcarfactorylastmonth.(主动)Thebuildingofanewcarfactorywasagreedonlastmonth.（被动）b.Thestudentsdidn'tforgethislessonseasily.(主动)Hislessonswerenoteasilyforgotten.（被动）3.一般将来时：a.Theywillsendcarsabroadbysea.(主动)Carswillbesentabroadbysea.（被动）b.Theywillgiveplentyofjobstoschool-leavers.(主动)Plentyofjobswillbegiventoschool-leavers.（被动）1.过去将来时：a.Themanagersaidtheywouldcompletetheprojectbytheendoftheyear.(主动)Themanagersaidtheprojectwouldbecompletedbytheendoftheyear.（被动）b.Theworkerstoldmetheywouldmendthecarassoonaspossible.(主动)Theworkerstoldmethatthecarwouldbemendedassoonaspossible.（被动）5.现在进行时：a.TheradioisbroadcastingEnglishlessons.Englishlessonsarebeingbroadcastedontheradio.b.Wearepaintingtherooms.Theroomsarebeingpainted.6.过去进行时：a.—Whydidn'ttheydrivethereontime?—Becausetheworkersweremendingtheroad.(主动)Becausetheroadwasbeingmended.（被动）b.Thistimelastyearwewereplantingtreeshere.(主动)Treeswerebeingplantedherethistimelastyear.（被动）7.现在完成时：a.Someonehastoldmethesportsmeetmightbeputoff.(主动)Ihavebeentoldthesportsmeetmightbeputoff.（被动）b.Wehavebroughtdowntheprice.(主动)Thepricehasbeenbroughtdown.（被动）8.过去完成时：a.WhenIgottothetheatre,Ifoundtheyhadalreadysoldoutthetickets.(主动)WhenIgottothetheatre,Ifoundtheticketshadalreadybeensoldout.（被动）b.Thewholecountrywasverysadatthenewsofhisdeath;Peoplehadconsideredhimtobeagreatleader.(主动)Hehadbeenconsideredtobeagreatleader.（被动）9.含有情态动词的被动语态：含有情态动词的被动语态是由“情态动词+be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。a.Youmusthandinyourcompositionsafterclass.(主动)Yourcompositionsmustbehandedinafterclass.（被动）b.Hecanwriteagreatmanyletterswiththecomputer.(主动)Agreatmanyletterscanbewrittenwiththecomputerbyhim.（被动）第二讲：主动语态改为被动语态将主动语态改为被动语态应注意以下四个方面：①将主动语态的宾语改为被动语态的主语；②将主动语态的谓语动词改为“be＋过去分词”结构；③将主动语态的主语改为介词by之后的宾语，放在谓语动词之后（有时可省略，也可能用其他的介词）。④时态要与原句时态一样。1.主谓宾结构改为被动语态。这种结构比较简单。以过去时为例：AdidB.(主动句)BwasdonebyA.(被动句)a.ManypeoplespeakEnglish.(主动)→Englishisspokenbymanypeople.b.Hereceivedagift.(主动句)→Agiftwasreceivedbyhim.(被动句)2.含直接宾语和间接宾语的主动语态改为被动语态时有两种情况：①把间接宾语改为被动语态的主语，直接宾语仍保留原位；②把直接宾语改为主动语态的主语，此时，间接宾语前要加介词to或for。如：a.Hegavetheboyanapple．→Theboywasgivenanapple．→Anapplewasgiventotheboy．b.Herfatherboughtherapresent．→Shewasboughtapresentbyherfather．→Apresentwasboughtforherbyherfather．3.带复合宾语的动词在改为被动语态时，一般把主动语态的宾语改为主语，宾语补足语在被动语态中作主语补足语。如：a.WecallhimXiaoWang．→HeiscalledXiaoWang．b.Hecuthishairshort．→Hishairwascutshort．c.Theytoldhimtohelpme．→Hewastoldtohelpme．4.短语动词是不可分割的整体，改为被动语态时要保持其完整性，介词或副词不可遗漏。如：a.Wemusttakegoodcareoftheyoungtrees．→Theyoungtreesmustbetakengoodcareof．b.Heturnedoffthelight.→Thelightwasturnedoffbyhim.2.几种特殊的被动语态形式。（由于这种结构为高考热点，因此我将它单独放在下一讲）第三讲：几种特殊的被动语态1.含有宾语从句的主动结构。可以用于这种结构的动词有know，say，believe，find，think，report，recommend,suggest等。a.Webelieve(that)hewillpasstheexams.b.Thepressreported(that)Liuxianghadbrokentherecordof110hurdlerace.此结构变为被动结构时，通常用有三种形式。①将宾语从句作为被动语态的主语从句。注意：引导宾语从句的that可以省略，但是改为被动语态的主语从句时不能省略。a.Webelieve(that)hewillpasstheexams.→Thathewillpasstheexamsisbelieved(byus)b.Thepressreported(that)Liuxianghadbrokentherecordof110hurdlerace.→ThatLiuxianghadbrokentherecordof110hurdleracewasreported(bythepress).②由于第一种形式的主语太长，往往用it作为形式主语，然后将主语从句放在句末。a.Webelieve(that)hewillpasstheexams.→Thathewillpasstheexamsisbelieved(byus)→Itbelievedthatthathewillpasstheexams.b.Thepressreported(that)Liuxianghadbrokentherecordof110hurdlerace.→ThatLiuxianghadbrokentherecordof110hurdleracewasreported(bythepress).→ItwasreportedthatLiuxianghadbrokentherecordof110hurdlerace.③.用宾语从句的主语作为被动句的主语，主句谓语动词改为被动形式，从句的谓语动词改为不定式做主语补足语。注意：如果宾语从句的动作没有发生用不定式的一般式（todo），如果动作已经发生用不定式的完成时(tohavedone)。即就是：sb/sthis/wassaid/known/believed…todosth/tohavedonesth.a.Webelieve(that)hewillpasstheexams.→Heisbelievedtopasstheexams.(通过考试的动作没有发生)b.Thepressreported(that)Liuxianghadbrokentherecordof110hurdlerace.→Liuxiangwasreportedtohavebrokentherecordof110hurdlerace.（打破记录的动作已经发生）这种结构的被动语态是近年高考的热点题目，在好多省份的试题中都可以见到。a.ThecrowdcheeredwildlyatthesightofLiuXiang,whowasreported______theworldrecordinthe110-meterhurdlerace.A.breakingB.havingbrokenC.tohavebrokenD.break分析：此题为典型的sb/sthis/wassaid/known/believed…todosth/tohavedonesth.形式，根据句意动作已经发生，所以C.tohavebroken。b.AIDSissaid______thebiggesthealthchallengetobothmenandwomeninthatareaoverthepastfewyears.A.thatitisB.tobeC.thatithasbeenD.tohavebeen分析：此题为典型的sb/sthis/wassaid/known/believed…todosth/tohavedonesth.形式，根据句意