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中国人的思维方式和西方人不同,西方人喜欢抽象,长于分析;而中国人喜欢具体,长于综合。由于风俗和语言上的差异,西方人习惯使用含有抽象意义的词语表达思想。此类句子在译成中文时如果处理不当,译文就会晦涩难懂,很别扭。因此,在进行英汉翻译时,应注意汉语习惯,对句子或词语进行妥善处理,力求使译文流畅、准确,使隐形的信息具体化、概括化。1.将抽象名词(或代词)具体化西方人在英语中经常使用抽象的概念来表示具体事物。在英语译为汉语的过程中,大多数情况下,将抽象化为具体,有助于提高译文质量。1)Ihavetoomuchtotellyouanddon'tknowwhattobeginwith.我有许多话要对你说,却不知道从何说起。(原句中的much译为“许多话”,使译文流畅。)2)Waseversuchnonsensewritten?这样荒唐的东西有人写过吗?(nonsense“胡说八道、废话”在句中被译为“荒唐的东西”,译得恰到好处。)3)Theworkshopdirectorissuedacommunicationoutliningthedetailsoftheworktobedoneontheshutdownandsafetyrulestobefollowedduringthework.车间主任签发了一份通知,概括了停机期间的工作项目以及工作中要遵守的安全规则。(communication意为“通讯、联络、传达”,译文中转译成“通知”,保持上下文自然通顺。)4)YoumayhavesomethingofRoosevelt,somethingofaNewtoninyourself;youmayhavesomethingverymuchgreaterthaneitherofthesemenmanifestedwaitingyourhelptogiveitexpression.你或许有罗斯福的才能,牛顿的智慧,你或许具有比他们两人更加伟大的本领,在等待着你将它表现出来。(句中三个something分别被译为“才能”、“智慧”、“本领”,充分展示出该词在特定的场合的丰富内涵。)(5)Theneedforengineerswhocanviewthewholeareaofengineering,wideandcomplicatedasitis,asasingleoffieldofoperationofafewlawsandmethodshasincreased.人们已经越来越感到需要这样的工程师,他们能够把全部工程领域视为应用几个基本定律和方法的一个整体,尽管工程学科的全部领域是既复杂又浩瀚。(句中it指thewholeareaofengineering,译文将it译得具体些,句意更加明确。)2.将“浓缩”的信息展开说透东西方人思维方式不同,西方人常把众多信息凝聚于一个短语或句子加以阐述,喜欢“浓缩”信息,而中国人则趋向于化整为零,将信息逐点铺开说清、说透。1)IfIwererich,Ishoulddoso.Asitis,Idonothing.如果我有钱,我就这样做。但实在太穷,就什么也做不成了。(如果将asitis译为“事实上;即使如此”,译文就显得笼统含糊,译得具体些,意思就很明确了。)2)Heisabrilliantscholarandiseverywhererecognizedassuch.他是个很有才华的学者,到处都公认他很有学问。(句中的assuch意为“像这样的人”,译文具体化之后,句意更加清楚。)3)Theisolationoftheruralworldbecauseofdistanceandthelackoftransportfacilitiesiscompoundedbythepaucityoftheinformationmedia.由于距离偏远、交通设施缺乏,乡村与外界隔绝,这种隔绝因信息媒体不足,变得更加严重。(译文将浓缩在一个英语句子中的若干信息铺开,逐点具体交待,语言清晰顺畅。)4)Whenseedsdropintorubbleinsteadofrichsoil,thosewithvitalityneverdespairorsigh,becausetheycansteelthemselvesinresistance.种子不落在肥土而落在瓦砾中,有生命的种子决不会悲观和叹息,因为有了阻力才有磨练。(将insteadof译为“不落在”,原因从句前后呼应,译文简洁而富有哲理。)5)Electronic-cashcardscutthecostofhandlingphysicalcurrencyandbankscanearnasmallfeefromeverytransaction,whereaspurchaseswithnotesandcoinsnetthemnothing.电子现金卡降低了处理实在货币的费用,所以银行可以从每笔交易、转帐中赚取一小笔费用,而用纸币或硬币做交易却不能给他们带来任何利润。(译文的后半句翻译得实在而又具体,尤其是netthemnothing处理得恰到好处。)3.运用概括法避免逐词硬译英语中还有的句子虽然其字面意义明确,但是如果硬译,使逐词对号入座,译文就显得累赘繁琐,拖泥带水。相反,如果能稍加概括,却令人感到耳目一新。1)Wehonoredhimforwhatheis,notforwhathehas.我们尊重的是他的人格,而不是他的财富。(句中whatheis和whathehas分别译为“人格”与“财富”,看上去笼统,实际上更加概括精炼。)2)Forgenerationscoalandoilhavebeenregardedasthechiefenergysourcesusedtotransportmenfromplacetoplace.煤和石油几十年以来一直被认为是交通运输的主要能源。(译文用“交通运输”概括transportmenfromplacetoplace,避免一般性的冗长文字,使译文更加流畅。)3)Youmustn'tgotothestationtomeettheforeignguestsasyouare.你不能就这样到车站去迎接外宾。(译文将asyouare概括为“就这样”,比硬译成“像你现在的样子”,貌似抽象,实则更符合汉语习惯,更灵活。)4)Theinferiorgoodsweresoldonthebasisofcleverpackagingandastuteadvertising.那些劣质商品是靠巧妙的包装和狡诈的广告卖出去的。(onthebasisof意思是“以……为基础”,译成一个“靠”字,概括得简洁又传神。)5)Thishasbeenmylife,Ihavefounditworthliving,andwouldgladlyliveitagainifthechancewereofferedme.这就是我的人生。我觉得它值得,若有可能,我愿欣然再度过此生。(译文分别运用概括化与具体化的翻译技巧,将文字处理得充满诗意。)由此可见,英汉两种语言结构、词汇的内涵和外延都存在着差异,在把英语译成既充分体现英语原文含义,又符合汉语表达习惯的中文过程中,必须根据它们之间的差异,恰如其分地实行抽象与具体的转换。一词一字之差,显示出对原文内涵理解的功力,决非一蹴而就的肤浅文字。具体译词法1.Myunclerememberedmeintheletterofmyfather.2.Myunclerememberedmeonmybirthday3.Myunclerememberedmeinhiswill.4.transportationTransportationisn’tsufficient.AdvertisementpropagandatranslationgovernmentfamilyclasscommitteepressretirementverytimidverystrongkeepquietSpeedupBefullofanxietyandworryAgreatandthorough-goingchangeVeryanxioustoreturnhomeHavenotcutoffrelationscompletely5.Weareallgreatlymovedbyhisloftiness.6.Thepublishinghousehastotakethereadabilityofthenovelintoconsideration.7.Moreandmorepeoplehaverealizedthenecessityoflearningcomputer.8.Hisarrogancesenthimintoisolationandhelplessness.9.Thedancinghallwasfilledwithgayety.10.Herjealousyisthecauseofherfailure.11.Manychangestakeplaceduringthetransformation.12.Herindifferencekeptallthevisitorsawayfromtheexhibitionhall.13.Theblackpeoplewerefightingagainstthesegregationofthegovernment.14.Thecrimesenthimintonotoriety.15.John’slightheartedness,however,didnotlastlong.16.Maybeherrealbasicweaknessmightbesomeformofkindness.17.inatoneofgreatkindness18.Tellme,Rebecca,didIeverdoanythingbutkindness?19.Hethathasoncedoneyoukindnesswillbemorereadytodoyouanotherthanhewhomyouyourselfhaveobliged.20.Hehasachildrenheart.21.Hequestionedthewisdomofhergoingtherewiththem.抽象译法一.词组1.makefishofoneandfleshofanother2.likesb.’sboots3.Sticktoone’slast4.Keepsth.underone’shat5.Eatone’sheartout6.Beinsb’spocket7.Beinirons8.Wearone’sheartonone’ssleeve9.Putone’scardsonthetable10.eatlikeabird11.catchfortywinks12.breaktheice13.jumpoutone’sshin14.getcoldfear15.walkinair16.getthegreenlight17.mendone’sfences18.pokeone’snoseinto二.句子1.Iwaspracticallyonmykneesbuthestillrefused.2.Thetwosisterswereusuallyinagreementonmostissues,buttheywereatsword’spointsatthematterofabortion.3.Heisarollingstone.Idon’tthinkhecanlayupanymoney.4.SinceIgotthenewsatthesecondhand,Itookitwithagrainofsalt.5.Imustbaremyhearttosomeone,orIshallgomad.6.I’llbreakmynecktogetthisdonebyFriday,butIcannotpromiseforsure.7.Bythismeansshec
本文标题:抽象与具体译法
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