有限政府理论对我国政府改革的意义

1目录中文摘要··························································································2Abstract···························································································3前言································································································41有限政府的理论起源········································································41.1政治权力的来源·······································································41.2法治与政府权力制约································································51.2.1法律让政府权力合法化······················································51.2.2公民社会需要法治保障······················································51.2.3现代宪政的意义·······························································51.3有限政府与市场经济································································51.3.1市场经济的特征和意义······················································51.3.2政府经济职能的必要性······················································61.3.3政府过度干预的危害·························································61.4理论小结···············································································62我国经济社会变革的社会转型时期·····················································62.1我国市场经济中的政府角色·······················································62.2现代市场经济的建立与完善阶段··················································72.2.1政府角色迟滞于市场经济发展············································72.2.2完善我国市场经济发展需要建立有限政府······························82.3公民社会的自我发展·································································92.3.1经济基础········································································92.3.2公共教育········································································92.3.3社会团体········································································92.4小结····················································································103我国向有限政府变革过程中存在的问题··············································103.1我国传统政治文化的影响·························································103.2政府自利性和既得利益集团的阻挠·············································113.3有限政府以不断进步的公民社会为基石·······································114有限政府理论对我国政治改革的启示·················································124.1法治下的有限政府··································································124.2权力制衡与权利监督·······························································134.3强调政府责任与公共服务，建立有限与有为的政府························13结束语······································································错误!未定义书签。致谢·······························································································15参考文献···································································错误!未定义书签。2摘要：有限政府是当代民主政治发展处的一个重要内容，其合理性和优越性已经在许多国家的政治历程中得到证实，而我国出于社会历史或文化等等原因，在这方面犹有许多不足。本文主要从有限政府的角度来探讨我国的政府改革，包括有限政府理论的合理性，结合我国市场经济和公民社会发展的现状，论述了我国建立有限政府的必要性、重要意义以及其可行性各方面，说明有限政府理论对我国政治改革的意义。关键词：有限政府、社会转型、市场经济、公民社会3ABSTRACT：LimitedGovernmentisoneofthemostImportantcontentsofthemoderndemocracy,TheRationalityandsuperiorityofithasbeenprovedbymanywesterncountries’Politicalhistory.WhileChinaoutofsocialhistoryorcultureandotherreasons,stillhasmanydeficienciesinthisrespect.ThisarticlemainlyfromtheLimitedGovernment'spointofviewtoexploreChina'sgovernmentreform,includingthetheoryofLimitedGovernment,combinedwiththepresentsituationofChina'smarketeconomyandcivilsociety,discussedthenecessity,significanceandfeasibilityofChinatoestablishlimitedgovernment,illustratethesignificanceofLimitedGovernmenttheoryonChina'spoliticalreform.KeyWords：LimitedGovernment,socialtransformation,marketeconomy,civilsociety4前言有限政府是指在规模、职能、权力和行为方式上都受到法律和社会的严格限制和有效制约的政府。有限政府理论起源于西方自由主义经济时代，是致力于界定政府权力的范围，保持政治社会与公民社会合理平衡的理论，由于其能很好的发挥市场作为资源配置基本方式的作用，符合公民的民主诉求，成为构建现代政府的一种重要理论。我国从改革开放以来，积极进行市场经济的建设和政府体制的改革，而迟滞的政府改革受到经济和社会的推动，亟需寻找一种能有效促进市场经济发展、服务社会公众的政府模式，有限政府是实现”有效政府”的前提和基础，对打破“大政府”的现状、限制政府机构自我膨胀、限制和规范政府职能有重要作用，以下主要论证有限政府理论对我国政府改革的意义。1、有限政府的理论起源1.1政治权力的来源政治权力是构成政治社会的基石，是政府存在的首要条件，因此，论证“有限政府”的合理性及正确性，首先应该明确政治权力的来源。洛克在《政府论》中假设人类社会最初处于一种自然状态，在这个状态中，人们在自然法即理性的支配下，具有完全的自由和平等，出于天赋人权，每个人的权力都是相等的，人们在自然法的范围内，决定他们的行动和处理他们的财产和人身，不需要得到任何人的许可或听命与任何人[1]。人类最初处于这样一种自然状态中，享有平等的生命权、自由权和财产权，但这种享有是不稳定的，随时有受别人侵犯的危险。自然状态中，人们唯一需要遵循的就是自然法，而自然法同人类的其他法律一样，也必须得到有效的执行，以保护无辜和惩罚犯罪，否则就毫无用处。这种惩罚违反自然法的人的权力属于每一个人，但缺乏一个有力的执行主体和明确的判断标准，导致自然状态下的人们无法就侵犯他人权利的行为作出适当的处理，以保护自己的天赋权利。由于自然状态存在缺陷，人民为了保障自己的权利、更好的维护自由、生命和财产等权利，自愿将一部分权力让渡出来，交给一个公正、权威的集体，因而形成政治权力。由于政治权力的起源，因而政治权力应当具有公共性与有限性：第一，公民社会先于政治社会而存在，政治权力来源于人民的权力让渡，因而政治权力具有公共性，只能用于为公众谋取福利，同时也不得大于那些由人民让出的权力；第二，由于自然状态存在种种缺陷，公民出于获得稳定的自由、生命和财产权的愿[1]约翰·洛克：《政府论》，刘晓根编译，北京出版社，2007年版，第58页5望加入政治社会，政府成立的目的在于保护公共利益和安全，政府权力的运用应该以这个目的为原则，在服务于公共利益的范畴内运行。1.2法治与政府权力制约1.2.1法律让政府权力合法化西方自由主义思想家洛克认为“世界上凡是在和平状态中创立的政府，均基于人们的同意而建立”。卢梭的社会契约论也认为：一个理想的社会建立于人们之间的契约关系，政府的权力来至被统治者的认可，约定是一切合法权威的基础。社会契约通过法律的形式具体表现出来，完成政治权力的合法化，立法机关受人民委托，以多数原则来讨论出公共意志，并通过法律承认和保护公民自然权利，同时将公共权力授予政府，并约束政府权力范围，形成以法治规范政府的政治形态。政治权力在法治社会中，必须按正式颁布施行的法律来运行，而不是受未明令公布的政策、个人意志或特权的支配，一旦政府滥用职权并违反委托而施强力于人民，就是与人民为敌，人民有权推翻他。1.2.2公民社会需要法治保障在一个合法的政治权威的管理下，公民社会的意志表达是通过法律呈现，只有实行法治，才能保证政治权利在维护公共利益和安全的轨道