英美文学名词解释整理版

英美文学名词解释1.Allegory:Ataleinverseorproseinwhichcharacters,actions,orsettingsrepresentabstractideasormoralqualities.Anallegoryisastorywithtwomeanings,aliteralmeaningandasymbolicmeaning.寓言：用诗歌或散文讲的故事，在这个故事中人物、事件或背景往往代表抽象的概念或道德品质。所有的寓言都是一个具有双重意义、文学内涵或象征意义的故事。2.Alliteration:Therepetitionoftheinitialconsonantsoundsinpoetry.头韵：诗歌中单词开头读音的重复。3.Allusion:Areferencetoaperson,aplace,anevent,oraliteraryworkthatawriterexpectsthereadertorecognizeandrespondto.Anallusionmaybedrawnfromhistory,geography,literature,orreligion.典故：文学作品中作家希望读者能够认识或做出反应的一个人物、地点、事件或文学作品。典故或来自历史、地理、文学或宗教。4.AmericanNaturalism:Americannaturalismwasanewandharsherrealism.Americannaturalismhadbeenshapedbythewar;bythesocialupheavalsthatunderminedthecomfortingfaithofanearlierage.America’sliterarynaturalistsdismissedthevalidityofcomfortingmoraltruths.Theyattemptedtoachieveextremeobjectivityandfrankness,presentingcharactersoflowsocialandeconomicclasseswhoweredeterminedbytheirenvironmentandheredity.Inpresentingtheextremesoflife,thenaturalistssometimesdisplayedanaffinitytothesensationalismofearlyromanticism,butunliketheirromanticpredecessors,thenaturalistsemphasizedthattheworldwasamoral,thatmenandwomenhadnofreewill,thatliveswerecontrolledbyheredityandenvironment,thatthedestinyofhumanitywasmiseryinlifeandoblivionindeath.Althoughnaturalistliteraturedescribedtheworldwithsometimesbrutalrealism,itsometimesalsoaimedatbetteringtheworldthroughsocialreform.美国自然主义：美国自然主义是一种新的、更具批判性的现实主义。美国自然主义是在战争和影响人们早期信念的社会动乱的影响之下形成的。美国的自然主义者往往否定了广为接受的道德真理的正确性，他们想达到极端的客观与直率，他们所展现的人物往往都是下层社会的人，他们的命运受到环境和遗传的制约。在反应生活方面，自然主义作家往往表现出早期浪漫主义中感伤主义特征，但和浪漫主义不同的是，自然主义者认为，世界缺乏道德，人不论男女都没有自由的意愿，他们的生活都受到遗传和环境的控制，人在生前过着悲惨的生活，死后便被人所遗忘。虽然自然主义文学通过更为苛刻的现实主义手法来展现这个世界，但是他有时也是为了通过社会改革来改善这个世界。5.AmericanPuritanism:PuritanismisthepracticesandbeliefsofthePuritans.ThePuritanswereoriginallymembersofadivisionoftheProtestantChurch.ThefirstsettlerswhobecamethefoundingfathersoftheAmericannationwerequiteafewofthem.Theywereagroupofserious,religiouspeople,advocatinghighlyreligiousandmoralprinciples.Astheworditselfhints,Puritanswantedtopuritytheirreligiousbeliefsandpractices.Theyacceptedthedoctrineofpredestination,originalsinandtotaldepravity,andlimitedatonementthroughaspecialinfusionofgraceformGod.Asacultureheritage,PuritanismdidhaveaprofoundinfluenceontheearlyAmericanmind.AmericanPuritanismalsohadaenduringinfluenceonAmericanliterature.美国清教主义：清教主义是新教徒的原来的一个分支——清教徒的行为和信仰。在美国的第一批居民中有很多就是清教徒，他们有着严格的宗教信仰和道德准则。就像这个词所暗指的那样，清教徒们想“清化”他们的宗教信仰和行为习惯。他们相信宿命论、原罪说、全体堕落和有限的赎罪。作为一种文化遗产，美国清教主义在早期美国人的思想上有着深刻的影响，他对美国文学的影响也是颇为持久的。6.AmericanRealism:InAmericanliterature,theCivilWarbroughttheRomanticPeriodtoanend.TheAgeofRealismcameintoexistence.Itcameasareactionagainstthelieofromanticismandsentimentalism.Realismturnedfromanemphasisonthestrangetowardafaithfulrenderingoftheordinary,asliceoflifeasitisreallylived.Itexpressestheconcernforcommonplaceandthelow,anditoffersanobjectiveratherthananidealisticviewofhumannatureandhumanexperience.美国现实主义：在美国文学史上，内战宣告了浪漫主义的终结和现实主义的开始。现实主义反对浪漫主义和感伤主义的谎言，它从一个陌生的世界转向了普通人的真实生活的描写。它所关心的是普通的下层劳动人民而非理想中的人类本性和现实经历。7.AmericanRomanticism:TheRomanticPeriodcoversthefirsthalfofthe19thcentury.ArisingAmericawithitsidealsofdemocracyandequality,itsindustrialization,itswestwardexpansion,andavarietyofforeigninfluenceswereamongtheimportantfactorswhichmadeliteraryexpansionandexpressionnotonlypossiblebutalsoinevitableintheperiodimmediatelyfollowingthenation’spoliticalindependence.Yet,romanticsfrequentlysharedcertaingeneralcharacteristics:moralenthusiasm,faithinvalueofindividualismandintuitiveperception,andapresumptionthatthenaturalworldwasasourceofgoodnessandman’ssocietiesasourceofcorruption.RomanticvalueswereprominentinAmericanpolitics,art,andphilosophyuntiltheCivilWar.Theromanticexaltationoftheindividualsuitedthenation’srevolutionaryheritageanditsfrontieregalitarianism.美国浪漫主义：浪漫主义阶段涵盖了19世纪前半页。美国的不断壮大和发展以及随之而来的明珠和平等的思想、工业化的发展、西北边疆的不断扩展和国外的各种影响使浪漫主义作家文学不但成为一种可能，而且使它成为美国政治独立后的一种必然。然而，浪漫主义文学往往有很多共性：他们热心于道德、相信个人主义价值观和对世界的直观感受，并且他们认为自然世界是真、善、美的源泉而人类社会则是堕落的根源。在内战以前，浪漫主义价值观占据是政治、艺术、和哲学等领域，浪漫主义者对个人的赞扬正好迎合了美国的革命遗风和边疆开拓者的品均主义。8.AmericanTranscendentalism:theemergenceoftheTranscendentalistsasanidentifiablemovementtookplaceduringthelate1820sand1830s,buttherootsoftheirreligiousphilosophyextendedmuchfartherbackintoAmericanreligioushistory.TranscendentalismandevangelicalProtestantismfollowedseparateevolutionarybranchesfromAmericanPuritanism,takingastheircommonancestortheCalvinismoftheseventeenthandeighteenthcenturies.TheyspokeforculturalrejuvenationandagainstthematerialismofAmericanspirit,ortheOversoul,asthemostimportantthingintheUniverse.Theystressedtheimportanceoftheindividual.Tothem,theindividualwasthemostimportantelementofsociety.TheyofferedafreshperceptionofnatureassymbolicoftheSpiritorGod.Naturewas,tothem,alive,filledwithGod’soverwhelmingpresence.Transcendentalismisbasedonthebeliefthatthemostfundamentaltruthsaboutlifeanddeathcanbereachedonlybygoingbeyondtheworldofthesenses.Emerson’sNaturehasbeencalledthe“ManifestoofAmericanTranscendentalism”