英语修辞学考试复习重点

Rhetoricaloptions*1、Whatisrhetoric?(Definitionsofrhetoric)theartorscienceofcommunicationinwords;thisartorsciencepracticedortaughtasaformaldiscipline,esp.thedoctrineformulatedbyAristotleandtaughtthroughouttheMiddleages;overornateorostentatiouslanguage.(LongmanModernEnglishDictionary)2、What’sthepurposeofrhetoric?（两种说法）①Theprevailingviewaboutthepurposeofrhetoricistoexpressoneselfwellandtocommunicateeffectivelyinordertosecureadesiredresultbyemployingrhetoricalmeansefficiently.②“toenlightentheunderstanding,topleasetheimagination,tomovethepassion,ortoinfluencethewill.”“促进理解、引起想象、调动感情、或者说影响人们的意志”(18世纪苏格兰修辞学家GeorgeCampbell）*3、Whatisdiscussedinrhetoric?（contentsofrhetorical）Rhetoriciscomposedoftheoreticalrhetoricandpracticalrhetoric.Theoreticalrhetoricdealswiththetheoreticalproblemofrhetoric,whilepracticalrhetorichelpsusimproveourabilitytousetheEnglishlanguageeffectively.rhetoriccoversalltheelementsoforalandwrittenthings,includingstructure,diction.Rhythm,tone,style,andanythingrelatedtotheeffectiveuseoflanguage.4、TheHighestPrinciplesofRhetoricthehighestprincipleofrhetoricistoadapttospecificsituation,thatis,“adaptability”or“appropriateness”.Sentence（syntacticdevice）1、Whatissentence？Asentenceisagroupofwordswhichexpressesacompletethought.Generally,aneffectivesentencemustpossessfiveessentialqualities:correctness,clearness,unity,coherenceandemphasis.(正确、清楚、统一、连贯、强调）2、句子的组成Asentencemustcontainasubjectandaverb(althoughonemaybeimplied).①words②correctgrammar③meaning3、句子的分类SentencesmaybeclassifiedaccordingtoGrammarorRhetoricastomeaningandastoform:GrammaticalClassificationofSentencesI.Astomeaning:II.AstoForm:1.DeclarativeSentence1.SimpleSentence2.InterrogativeSentence2.CompoundSentence（并列）3.ImperativeSentence3.ComplexSentence（复合）4.ExclamatorySentence4.Compound–ComplexSentenceRhetoricalClassificationofSentencesIII.AstoArrangement1.PeriodicSentence（圆周句）left-branchingsentence2.LooseSentence（松散句）right-branchingsentence3.BalancedSentence4、Theshortandlongsentence①Shortsentences,onthewhole,arecharacterizedbytheirbrevity,quicktempoandforce.Theshortsentenceisrelativelysimpleinform,clearingrammaticalrelation,andterseandforcefulinstyle.②Longsentenceisrelativelycomplexinform,fullyexpressiveincapacity,andoftenusedinformalstyletoshowone’scomplicatedmentalityorvariouskindsofrelationshipofdifferentthings.5、thesimple，compoundandcomplexsentence①ASimplesentencehasonlyoneclausetomakeastatement,andsoitisgoodfordirectnessandclearness.②TheCompoundSentenceconsistsoftwoormoreindependentclauseswhichareofequalstatus,thatis,theclausesareparatactic(parallel;coordinate)inrelationship.③Thecomplexsentencemakesclearthelogicalrelationshipbetweeneventsorideasthroughsubordination.Subordinateclausesarenamedaccordingtotheirfunctions.Left-branchingsentence(periodicsentence)：*6、thebranchingsentencesRight-branchingsentence（loosesentence）：Left-branchingsentence(periodicsentence)：theperiodicsentencehasitsmainideaattheendofthesentence.supportiveorqualifyinginformationareplacedbeforethemainclauseorassertion.Right-branchingsentence（loosesentence）：inaloosesentence,themainideaisputatthebeginningofthesentence,andsupportiveorqualifyinginformationcomesfromit.*7、Balancedsentence：Whenasentencecontainstowparallelclausessimilarinstructurebutcontrastedinmeaning,itisbalancedsentence.Themainideasareoftenpresentedinparallelphrasesorclauses.⑴Parallelism排比：themainfunctionofparallelismistoaddclarityandcoherencetowhatonewishestocommunicate。⑵Antithesis对比：antithesisisthedeliberatearrangementofcontrastingwordsorideasinbalancedstructuralformstoachieveforceandemphasis。⑶Chiasmus回文andantimetabole交叉：chiasmusisadevicethatconsistsoftwobalancedstatements，thesecondofwhichreversestheorderofthewordsinthefirst，withorwithoutarepetitionofwords。Forexample：①weeatforlive，notliveforeat。（herethekeywordsinthefirststatementarerepeated，andreversedinorderinthesecond。Thisiscalledantimetabole。）②hewasanangleonthesurface，butatheartaknave。（herethereisnorepetitionofwords;butthepositionofthenounsandadverbialsarereversed.Thisiscalledchiasmus.）⑷climax(渐进)：itisextremelyeffectiveinstirringupfeelingsandemotions，orindrivinghomeapoint。⑸anti-climaxorbathos（突降或渐降）：isadevicethatinvolvesstatingone‘sthoughtsinadescendingorderofsignificanceorintensity，fromstrongtoweak，fromweighttolightorfrivolous。Itisoftenusedtoridiculeorsatirize。*9、syntacticschemesofinversion（句子的倒装）：分为grammaticalinversion（语法倒装）和rhetoricalinversion（修辞倒装）；一个倒装句能倒回到正常的顺序是修辞倒装，不能倒回的是语法倒装。Theinversionisnotafactorofcorrectness,buteffectivenessofthatsentence.Functionofemphasis,vividness,balance,closeconnectionandcompactnessandrhymingverse。10、thefunctionofsentence：Thefourbasicsentencefunctionsintheworld'slanguagesincludethedeclarative,interrogative,exclamative,andtheimperative.Lexicaldevice（word词）1、themeaningofword：两种Associativemeaningandconceptualmeaning。或者七种conceptualmeaning，connotativemeaning，socialmeaning，effectivemeaning，reflectivemeaning，collocatingmeaning，thematicmeaning。2、词的分类①threelayersofwords：Thelearned,thecommonandthecolloquial.②Fourtypesofvocabulary：Readingvocab