我国中小企业融资问题研究—以浙江省为例

本科生毕业论文我国中小企业融资问题研究—以浙江省为例系别金融系专业金融学年级2012级学号1211010829学生姓名盛早慧指导教师张婷婷2016年5月本科生毕业论文我国中小企业融资问题研究—以浙江省为例系部金融系专业金融学年级2012级学号1211010829姓名盛早慧指导教师张婷婷2016年5月毕业论文原创性声明本人郑重声明：所呈交毕业论文，是本人在指导教师的指导下，独立进行研究工作所取得的成果。除文中已经注明引用的内容外，本论文不包含任何其他人或集体已经发表或撰写过的作品成果。对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体，均已在文中以明确方式标明。本人完全意识到本声明的法律结果由本人承担。论文作者签名：年月日目录摘要····································································································ⅠAbstract····································································································Ⅱ一、我国中小企业融资现状·····································································1（一）我国中小企业融资方式·································································1（二）我国中小企业融资现状·································································2二、以浙江省为例，分析中小企业融资··················································2（一）浙江省中小企业融资面临的主要困难··········································2（二）浙江省中小企业融资创新方式······················································4三、中小企业融资难成因·········································································4（一）金融市场发展不完善·····································································4（二）信用体制的缺失·············································································5（三）企业内部经营不善·········································································5（四）财务制度的不规范·········································································5四、国外中小企业融资经验借鉴·····························································6（一）美国中小企业融资借鉴·································································6（二）韩国中小企业融资借鉴·································································7五、我国应对中小企业融资难的解决对策··············································8（一）政府引导完善外部融资环境··························································8（二）企业创新加强自身融资实力··························································10参考文献······························································································11致谢·····································································································12I摘要改革开放以来，中小企业对经济的推动力和贡献成为国民经济前进的一大助力，更是成为世界经济发展的一大动力。然而，由于我国市场经济发展不完善，法律体系不健全，中小型金融机构的缺失，中小企业内部融资结构不当，力量不足等内外部双重因素下，我国中小企业在发展过程中常出现“融资难”问题。本文列举了浙江省沿海地区中小企业融资所面临的主要问题，展现当今民营经济发达地区中小企业融资所遇困境，剖析影响中小企业融资的因素，借鉴国外融资经验，总结如何应对中小企业融资难问题。关键词：中小企业；融资困境；浙江中小企业；国外融资IIAbstractSinceChina'sreformandopeningup,smescontributiontoeconomicdrivingforceandbecomeagreatadditiontothenationaleconomyforward,isoneofthemainpowertobecometheworld'seconomicdevelopment.However,duetotheimperfectmarketeconomydevelopmentinourcountry,thelegalsystemisnotcomplete,poorlyregulatedfinancialinstitutions,smallandmedium-sizedenterpriseinternalfinancingstructure,lackofpower,suchasinternalandexternalfactors,inthedevelopmentprocessofourcountrysmallandmedium-sizedenterprisesfinancingdifficultiesproblem.Thispaperenumeratesthezhejiangcoastalareaofthemainproblemsfacedbysmallandmedium-sizedenterprisefinancing,showtheprivateeconomydevelopedareasmallandmedium-sizedenterprisefinancingdifficultiesencountered,analyzetheinfluencingfactorsofsmallandmedium-sizedenterprisefinancing,combinedwithsuccessfulcasesabroad,summarizedhowtodealwithsmallandmedium-sizedenterprisefinancingdifficultproblem.Keywords:Medium-sizedandsmallenterprises；Financingdilemma；MinorenterprisesofZheJiangprovince；Foreignfinancing哈尔滨金融学院本科生毕业论文-1-我国中小企业融资问题研究—以浙江省为例中小企业具有市场应变能力强，管理跨度小，职能协调简单,就业弹性高等优势，近年来逐渐登上经济发展的主力军。浙江省中小企业的发展近几年来呈现一片繁荣景象，在数量上或是经济贡献率上都在浙江省经济中占有较大份额。在全国多省中，浙江省的中小企业发展处于较为领先地位。2008年金融危机令全世界经济受到影响，我国及时作出对应措施，调整货币政策和财政政策宏观调控整体经济态势。但是紧缩的货币政策给我国中小企业带来了一些负面影响：银根紧缩，中小企业融资困难，浙江省中小企业出现经济效益降低，数量总体减少等问题。首先我们先从现状了解中小企业融资发展。一、我国中小企业融资现状中小企业是相对于大型企业来说，在资产和人员、生产经营和营业收入等方面规模比较小的经济单位体。中小企业的经营主要由业主直接来进行，成立初期的投资人数为单个或是少数人。与大型企业相比，人员少，经营受外界干扰较少，信息公开程度和透明度相对较低。各国对中小企业的区分各不相同，在中国，根据不同的业种，以营业收入、资产规模等来划分。（一）我国中小企业融资方式1.银行信贷银行借贷是当今中小企业的主要融资来源，主要途径是向银行申请贷款。在信用贷款和担保贷款中，担保贷款居多。一般得到的贷款期限比较短。银行借贷的审批流程比较繁琐且时间较长,除了中小企业日常的财务报表，还有各项日常经营活动中产生的各种发票账单等均为银行审查的一部分。中小企业往往很难从此途径获得贷款。2.证券市场融资在证券市场上通过股票债券等进行融资。发行股票是中小企业所能采取的一种筹措资金的方式。但源于中小企业自身资本实力较弱、而上市发行筹资的门槛较高等原因，现今此法并不能成为中小企业的主要融资渠道。转让股权融资，但同时会有稀释股权的缺点。哈尔滨金融学院本科生毕业论文-2-3.民间借贷是指民间个人之间的借贷。中小企业中民营企业居多，生产规模不大。银行贷款无法提供实物抵押和有效担保，通过发行股票融资的途径对这些中小企业更是可望而不可及。此时中小企业会选择民间借贷来融资。民间借贷有借贷方式灵活，融资限制少的优点，同时伴随着高风险，高利率的缺陷。4.融资租赁即当承租人有需求时，出租人按照承租人的要求选择租赁物和供货方购买租赁物，之后再租给承租方，收取一定的租金。融资租赁相较于银行贷款具有成本比较低廉、期限长的特点。如果一家中小企业无法获得银行贷款，也无法及时从证券市场上融的资金，那么融资租赁将是不错的选择。再之，企业自身拥有固定资产，想通过加速折旧来减免或推迟一些所得税税负的，以融资租赁的方式取得的固定资产可以使其获得这种加速折旧的机会。最后融资租赁对加大资产的流动性、促进制造业公司营销发展、降低企业的信用成本等均有作用。5.内部融资内部融资就是指企业不断的将内部资产作为再投资的来源。风险性较低，成本较之外源更为低廉，自主性较强等优点令企业会首先选择进行内部融资。（二）我国中小企业融资现状中小企业在我国现已经达到总计超过1000万户，在全国企业占据多达九成。2008年以来，银行贷款中中小企业占比非常少，仅有两成左右。中小企业贷款来源中，城市银行类占三成左右，非银行类金融机构与各地区域银行占七成左右。2009年，我国信贷规模扩大4.8万亿人名币，中小企业只增加了低于5%的信贷规模。据2015年第四季度中国人民银行企业家问卷调查显示，近一半的企业家对于今年的宏观经济态势评价为偏冷，企业家信心指数相比于同期下降15%。这些数据反映出如今中小企业面对严峻外部经济环境下，融资状况非常不乐观。二、以浙江省为例，分析中小企业融资（一）浙江省中小企业融资面临的主要困难浙江省由其得天独厚的地理条件以及历史原因，中小企业发展迅速。浙江省的中小企业类型多为加工制造业、轻工业，中小企业呈现地区性优势，各地具有各自的特点，企业数量多且分布面广。如声名远扬的海宁皮革，温州的制鞋、箱包、小商品加哈尔滨金融学院本科生毕业论文-3-工业，宁波的服装加工业、杭州的丝绸加工业等等。这些加工制造业为主的中小企业多将产品远销国