新东方考研英语长难句,讲义

考研英语长难句突破课程讲义主讲：屠皓民欢迎使用新东方在线电子教材大家好，欢迎大家回到我们的新东方网络课堂！第一讲句子的基本成分句子成分：主语、谓语、宾语/表语、定语、状语和补语。注：“_____”的部分是主干部分。例：Suchcharacteristicsmakethemperfectcandidates.谓语是整个句子的最重要的部分，也是整个句子的突破口。只有谓语是没有从句的概念的。一、谓语1、实义动词，即行为动词，watch,play及物动词：后面直接宾语不及物动词：后面加介词+宾语Wehavefriendsallovertheworld.Theexaminationendedat11:30am.Theyarelookingforthelostwallet..不及物动词有的时候也可以做及物动词来用，比如close，begin,study,leave,work等Thepostofficescloseat9:00o’clockPM.Closethewindow!形式变化：时态变化，语态变化，用情态动词+实义动词的原型，情态动词+have+过去分词形式2、系动词(构成系表结构)Be动词持续的系动词：keep，taste，…后面加形容词Healwayskeptsilentatthemeeting.Thesearchproveddifficult.二、主语和宾语(1)认识名词：①名词是用来表示人，事物，地点，以及抽象事物名称的。比如：人：John，sister，father事物：water，air，sun，computer地点：London，theater抽象事物：love，happiness，imagination，hope②名词的数：注意单复数③名词的格：‘s以及of逻辑语义：Rachel：I’mCarol’sex-husband'ssister'sroommate.Doctor：I’myourroommate'sbrother'sex-wife'sobstetrician.(产科医生)——老友记of:理清逻辑语义表示所有关系：翻译方法：“AofB”翻译成“B的A”Therapidityofthemotionofthewingofthehummingbirdisremarkable.Thecomingofageofpost-warbabyboombroughtremarkableinfluenceuponAmericansociety.特殊：Chinaisproudofitsfivethousandyearsofthehistoryandculture.(2)语法功能：充当句子中主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、同位语等成分。例：Thereasonsareclearnow.Whyhemurderedhiswifeisclearnow.Hehasmadeclearthefacts.Hehasmadeclearwhattheyhaddoneyesterday.Itisthequestion.Itiswhetherthebookisworthreading.Wefoundoutthemurderer，Tom.Wefoundoutthefactthathewaskilled.注：代词与名词关系十分紧密，与名词形成特定的指代关系。分为以下几类：人称代词：I/you/he/she/it/me/you/him/her/it形容词性物主代词：my/your/his/her/its/名词性物主代词：mine/yours/his/hers/its反身代词：myself/yourself/herself/himself/itself不定代词：every/both/all/none/something/anything/everything(注意否定)疑问代词：that/what/which/whose/who/whom(3)名词性结构：动名词与不定式①动名词与不定式做主语例：WatchingTVismyhobby.Gettingenoughvitaminsisessentialtolife.Reallyusingalanguageisnotaneasytask.(2006完形)Findingwaystoassistthisgrowinghomelesspopulationhasbecomeincreasinglydifficult.(2009.阅读)Knowingwhatyouaregoodatanddoingevenmoreofitcreatesexcellence.Tomasteralanguageisnotaneasything.Toerr(犯错)ishuman；toforgive，divine(神圣的).Itissurelynotwrongtoliveinthepresentratherthaninthepastoffuture.②动名词与不定式做宾语例：Otherstatesaregoingtoconsidermakingasimilarlawtodealwitheuthanasia.BadweatherpreventedhimfromstartingoutforBeijingontime.(2003Text1)Thelatestrevolutionisn'tsimplyamatterofgentlemenreadingothergentlemen’se-mail.③动名词与不定式检测题(2004Text1)Withthousandsofcareer-relatedsitesontheInternet，findingpromisingopenings(空缺)canbetime-consumingandinefficient……Workingwithapersonalsearchagentmeanshavinganothersetofeyeslookingoutforyou.(2004完形)Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact.(4)主语从句、宾语从句注：把原来是词的位置转换成句就成了相应的从句。①主语从句：that引导(陈述句)、whether(一般疑问句)、what等疑问词引导(特殊疑问句)。ThatEnglishisimportantisanundoubtedfact.Whetherhewillcometomypartymakesnodifferencetome.Whatweforget——whatoureconomydependsonusforgetting——isthathappinessismorethanpleasurewithoutpain.②宾语从句：that引导(可省—陈述句)、whether等疑问词引导(一般疑问句)。I'veknownthatyouaremysourceofendlessinspiration.Idon'tknowif/whetherheneedsmyhelp.Idon'tknowhowhecancomehere.Hehasmadeclearwhattheyhaddoneyesterday.(5)从句检测题：Thateachlargefirmwillactwithconsiderationofitsownneedsandthusavoidsellingitsproductsformorethanitscompetitorschargeiscommonlyrecognizedbyadvocates(倡导者)offree-marketeconomictheories.(1994.75)WhethertheGovernmentshouldincreasethefinancingofpurescienceattheexpenseoftechnologyoftendependsontheissueofwhichisseenasthedrivingforce.4．定语(1)形容词：Heisahandsomeboy.Heisaboywhoishandsome.Weshouldknowtheculturepastandpresent.(2)形容词性从句：定语从句——限定性定语从句(that可)、非限定性定语从句(that否)。Mr.Zhang，whocametoseemeyesterday，isanoldfriendofmine.Hestudieshardatschoolwhenhewasyoung，whichcontributestohissuccessinlaterlife.例：(2005.47)Multi-mediagroupshavebeenincreasinglysuccessful：groupswhichbringtogethertelevision，radio，newspapers，magazinesandpublishinghousesthatworkinrelationtooneanother.①关系代词引导的定语从句：that引导(做连词可省)、which引导、who引导、whom引导、whose引导。例：Mostjournalistslearntoseetheworldthroughasetofstandardtemplates(模式)intowhichtheyplug(嵌入，套入)eachday’sevents.Televisionisoneofthemeansbywhichthesefeelingsarecreatedandconveyed.The“housingslave”isanewexpressioninChina，referringtopeoplewhousemostoftheirsalarytorepaybankloansduetosoaringhousingprices.注：先行词被any，only，all，every，no，some，much，few，little序数词，形容词最高级，theonly.theone，thevery，theright和thelast等成分修饰时，用that.ThisisthemostinterestingbookthatIhaveread.that不用在非限定性定语从句在中that不用在介词后面②关系副词引导的定语从句：when引导、where引导、why引导、whereby引导。Thedaywhenwestoplearningisthedaywhenwedie.Literatureistheplacewherethepastmeetsthepresenttocontemplatethefuture.③as引导的定语从句：a.引导限定性定语从句such…as…，thesame…as(that)…，as…as…；例：(2001Text4)Themostimportantforcesbehindthemassive(巨大的)M&A(并购)wavearethesamethatunderlie(引起)theglobalizationprocess.TheSungivesusasmuchenergyeveryminuteasmankindusesinayear.b.引导非限定性定语从句：作文常用句型：Asisshowninthepictures，Asisseenfromthechart，Asisvividlybetrayedinthecartoonabove…(1994完形54)Thewordsusedbythespeakermaystirupunfavorablereactionsinthelistener45interferewithhiscomprehension.A.whoB.asC.whichD.what(3)分词：现在分词、过去分词——时态与主被动①语法功能：定语、表语、宾语/主语补足语、状语。定语：a.Weareoft