introduction学术论文写作如何写介绍

WritingtheIntroductioncontent•Theroleofintroduction•Thestructureofintroduction•ThesequenceinwritingITheroleofintroductionSwalesandFreak(1994):thekeyroleistocreatearesearchspaceforthewriter.Itistheintroductionthatthewritermakesclaimsforthecentralityorsignificanceoftheresearchinquestionandbeginstooutlinetheoverallargumentofthethesis.Journal:positioningthewriterashavingsomethingtosayworthpublishing.Graduationthesis:establishinghowthethesisrelatestoandbuildsuponpreviousresearchinthefieldNon-nativespeaker’smistakeAllisonetal.(1998:212)foundthatfailuretocreatea“researchspace”wasakeyshortcominginthethesiswritingofthenon-nativespeakersofEnglishattheiruniversity.Relationshiptothethesisasawhole(Atkinson&Curtis1998:52)Howlongshouldtheintroductionbe?•differentaccordingtoresearchfield•most:17.4pages•medicine:29-45pages•socialscienceandartsintroduction:40pagesApplication•(1)Findsomerecentthesesinyourownfieldandassesstheextenttowhichthe“hourglass”appearstohavebeenfollowed.•(2)PayattentiontowhethertheIntroductionis“Chapter1”orstandsoutsidethechapternumberingsystem.IVThetypicalstructureoftheintroductionTomovefromafairlygeneraloverviewoftheresearchterraintotheparticularissuesunderinvestigationthroughthreekeymoveswhichcapturethecommunicativepurposesoftheintroduction.•Move1establishingaresearchterritory;•Move2establishinganiche/gap;•Move3occupyingthenicheMove1establishingaresearchterritoryIndicatethatthegeneralareaisinsomewaysignificant.a.showingthatthegeneralresearchareaisimportant,central,interesting,problematic,orrelevantinsomeway;b.providingbackgroundinformationaboutthetopic;c.introducingandreviewingitemsofpreviousresearchinthearea;d.bydefiningterms;√•verbspresenttense/perfecttense:suggestingthatthestatementisagenerallyacceptedtruth;•Adj:emphasizedtheimportanceorinterestofthetopicSamplesformove1a•Intheseareas,reducinggroundwaterrechargeisanimportantstepinreducinglanddegradationcausedbysalinity(Lewis2000:1);•TheMagellanicCloudsprovideuniqueenvironmentinwhichtostudymanyinterestingandastrophysicallychallengingproblems(Amy2000:1);•Speechhasarguablybeenthemostimportantformofhumancommunicationsincelanguageswerefirstconceived(Epp2000:1)•ThemodelingoffluidflowsisofgreatinteresttoEngineersandScientistsalike,withmanyengineeringproblemsandissuesofscientificinterestdependinguponcomplexflowphenomena(Norris2000:1)ReturntomovesMove2:establishinganiche/gapPointstoagapornicheinpreviousresearchwhichtheresearchwill“fill”.•a.byindicatingagapinthepreviousresearch,raisingaquestionaboutit,orextendingpreviousknowledgeinsomeway;•b.sometimespresentedasaproblemorneedthathasbeenidentifiedasrequiringfurtherresearch.√GapstatementAtkinson&Curtis(1998:63)thelanguageofgapstatementistypicallyevaluativeinnegativeway.Samplesof“gapstatement”•Oneclassofqualityimprovementwhichhasnotreceivedmuchattentionisenhancementbybroadeningthebandwidthofcodedspeechwithoutanincreaseinthebitrate.Thisissurprisingsincethenotionofqualityasafunctionofspeechbandwidthisanticipatedtobecomemorepervasive(Epps2000:4)•Theseobservationspointtothepositionthatinordertorecognizethemismatchesandbegintounderstandtheconsequencesofdiscontinuities,thereisaneedtoincreaseresearchknowledgeofcommunitysocialpracticesandinteractionswithcommunityliteracies(White–Davison1999:2).PartofspeechexpressionsVerbsDisregard,failto,ignore,islimitedto,misinterpret,neglectedtoconsider,overestimate,overlook,sufferfrom,underestimateAdjectivesControversial,incomplete,inconclusive,misguided,questionable,unconvincing,unsatisfactoryNounphraseLittleinformation/attention/work/research/dataFewstudies/investigation/researchers/attemptsNostudies/data/calculationsOtherformsHowever,Itremainsunclear,Itwouldbeofinteresttooccupyingtheniche•a.byoutliningpurposes/aims,orstatingthenatureofthepresentresearchorresearchquestions/hypothesis•b.byannouncingprincipalfindings/statingvalueofresearch(optional)•c.byindicatingthestructureofthethesisandprovidingmini-synopses(previews)ofeachsubsequentchapter•d.byoutliningthetheoreticalposition•e.bydescribingthemethodsusedinthestudy√√•Metadiscourseinintroductionislikelytotakethefromofforwardreferencetowhatisstilltocome.Forthethesis,metadiscoursereferstochaptersortothethesisisdistinctive.•Thisthesis/study+describes,develops,studies,discusses,examines,introduces,aims(to),reports,explores,shows,focuses,presents…•TheverbstendtobeinthepresenttenseSampleformove3c•Thischapterhasprovidedthebackgroundtothisstudyandthestudy’sobjectives,andplacedthesewithinthecontextofthelargeprojectthatwasconductedin1993-1994.•Chapter2providesatheoreticalandempiricalframeworkforthestudybyreviewingcurrentliteratureonrurialityandrurualliving,andoncommunitiesandschoolingandculturalpractices.VthreetypesofelementsElementstypesfunctionsrealizationsideationalReflecttheresearchitselfliteralcontentTextualdirectingthereaderContentconcerningstructureInterpersonalcommunicatewiththereaderByideational&textualcontentTherearethreetypesofelements/structurethathelpustoorganizeourtheses.Adistinguishingquestion:•whydoestheauthorsayso?………Therela