常用数学术语(英语)

常用数学术语（英语）简介：本文收录了GRE考试之数学术语部分，基本能满足大部分的应用需求，能有效丰富英语的专业词汇。代数部分1.有关数学运算add，plus加减差乘积除divisible可被整除的被整除被除数，红利因子，除数quotient商余数阶乘乘方gn,rootsign根号roundto四舍五入四舍五入2.有关集合union并集subset真子集set解集有关代数式、方程和不等式algebraicterm代数项terms,similarterms同类项coefficient数字系数coefficient字母系数不等式triangleinequality三角不等式值域equation原方程equation同解方程，等价方程inearequation线性方程(e.g.5有关分数和小数properfraction真分数fraction假分数number带分数fraction，commonfraction普通分数fraction简分数fraction繁分数分子分母denominator(最小)公分母四分之一imalfraction纯小数decimal无穷小数decimal循环小数十分位5.基本数学概念arithmeticmean算术平均值average加权平均值mean几何平均数指数，幂乘幂的底数,底边立方数，立方体root平方根cuberoot立方根logarithm常用对数数字nt常数变量inversefunction反函数function余函数一次的，线性的factorization因式分解value绝对值，e.g.｜-32｜=32off四舍五入有关数论naturalnumber自然数number正数number负数ddinteger,oddnumber奇数integer,evennumber偶数number整数wholenumber正整数wholenumber负整数number连续整数lnumber,rationalnumber实数,有理数无理数倒数number合数e.g.4,6,8,9,10,12,14,15……number质数e.g.2,3,5,7,11,13,15……注意：所有的质数(2除外)都是奇数，但奇数不一定是质数reciprocal倒数divisor公约数倍数multiple(最小)公倍数质)因子factor公因子十进制非负的十位个位众数中数ratio公比数列arithmeticprogression(sequence)等差数列progression(sequence)等比数列其它近似逆)顺时针方向基数序数directproportion正比不同的估计，近似括号proportion比例排列组合表格function三角函数单位,位几何部分1.所有的角alternateangle内错角angle同位角angle对顶角angle圆心角angle内角angle外角aryangles补角aryangle余角angle邻角uteangle锐角angle钝角angle直角roundangle周角angle平角angle夹角所有的三角形equilateraltriangle等边三角形triangle不等边三角形triangle等腰三角形triangle直角三角形斜三角形triangle内接三角形3.有关收敛的平面图形，除三角形外semicircle半圆concentriccircles同心圆四边形五边形六边形七边形八边形九边形十边形多边形平行四边形等边形平面正方形，平方长方形polygon正多边形菱形梯形其它平面图形arc弧line直线segment线段lines平行线ofacircle弧形有关立体图形cube立方体，立方数solid长方体solid/regularpolyhedron正多面体cylinder圆柱体圆锥球体d立体的有关图形上的附属物altitude高深度side边长周长弧度area表面积体积直角三角形的股ssection横截面ofacircle圆心chord弦半径bisector角平分线对角线直径棱faceofasolid立体的面斜边side夹边三角形的直角边medianofatriangle三角形的中线底边，底数(e.g.2的5次方，2就是底数)直角三角形中的对边中点端点复数形式vertices)顶点切线的截线截距有关坐标coordinatesystem坐标系coordinate直角坐标系原点issa横坐标纵坐标数轴象限斜率plane复平面其它planegeometry平面几何三角学平分外切内切相交垂直theorem勾股定理全等的multilateral多边的其它单位类cent美分一美分硬币美分硬币一角硬币en打(12个)廿(20个)摄氏华氏夸脱加仑(1gallon=4quart)码meter米微米英寸英尺分(角度的度量单位，60分=1度)squaremeasure平方单位制立方米品脱(干量或液量的单位)有关文字叙述题，主要是有关商业intercalaryyear(leapyear)闰年(366天)year平年(365天)折旧payment直接付款打折利润利润利息interest单利interest复利红利to减少到by减少了to增加到by增加了表示price标价涨价capita每人比率lprice零售价打例题：Aretailersellsawatchat$1840andmakesaprofitof15%.Ifhewantstodoubletheprofit,findthenewsellingpriceofthewatch.题解：一个制造商生产正方形底的纸箱，箱顶是两块扇掩式的箱盖。底部因要加强强度而造成双层的。每个箱的体积是12立方米。(a)证明C（做一个箱所需的纸板面积）=3^2+4xh(b)表达C作为只有x的函数©顺着x0描绘C的图表(d)(i)什么尺寸的箱会让所需造箱的纸板面积最少化？(ii)用来造箱的最少纸板面积是什么？Afterexplainingthequestion,wearegoingtoanswerthemasshownbelow:(a)Ignor99dethefactthatthetopisaflapopening,thetwoflapscombinetoformonecompletesurface.Takingintoaccountthatthebottomisdouble-layered,thatmeanstheboxhasintotal7surfaces.So,wehaveC=3*x^2(1top+2bottom)+4*x*h(4sidefaces)Therefore,C=3x^2+4xh(b)Asgiven,thevolumeoftheboxshouldbe12m^3,thatmeans12=x^2*hh=12/x^2PutintoC,thenC=3x^2+4x(12/x^2)Simplify,wegetC=3x^2+48/x©Sorry,Idonotknowhowtouploadpictureshere!(Butthisshouldnotbedifficult!)Foryoureasyfollowing,makethefollowingtableandplotthepointsaccordingly:x0123456CInf.5136436084.6116(Fromthegraph,wecouldalreadyseethattheminimumCoccursataroundx=2.)(d)Iamnotsurewhetheryouhavelearndifferentiationornot.Anyway,ifyouhavenotlearntcalculusyet,youcouldmakeuseofthegraphin©sothatyoushouldalreadyfindthatCisminimumatx=2andthecorrespondingminimumareais36m^3.Bydifferentiation,dC/dx=6x–48/x^2Forturningpoints,dC/dx=0Thatmeans,6x–48/x^2=01d046x^3–48=0x^3=8x=2(Cismaximumorminimumatx=2)Checkingd^2C/dx^2=6+96/x^30(forx=2),soCisminimumatx=2.So,theminimumareaCoccursatx=2,andCmin=3(2)^2+48/(2)=12+24=36m^3.Afishingboatbrokedownaftertraveling2hoursagainsta4km/hcurrent.Theboatwascarriedbacktoitsstaringpointbythecurrent.thewholetriptook5.5hours.Findthespeedoftheboatinstillwaterbeforethemotorfailed.Twocarsleavetownatthesametimetravelinginoppositedirections.Onetravels51mi/handtheothertravels45mi/h.Inhowmanyhourswilltheybe432milesapart?SallyhadathirdagainasmanyasDavid,whohadathirdasmanyagainasLucy.Altogethertheyhad111.HowmanydidDavidhave?Davidhave36athirdasmanyagainas,athirdagainasmanyas都是一个意思:4/3athrid是1/3的意思.但是athirdasmanyagainas,athirdagainasmanyas都是一个意思:4/3!多了一个again意思是不一样的.把David设为X,可以得到等式4/3X+X+3/4X=111.X就等于36