胡壮麟语言学名词解释

第一章介绍Appliedlinguistics运用语言学：findingsinlinguisticstudiescanoftenbeappliedtothesolutionofsuchpracticalproblemsastherecoveryofspeechability.Thestudyofsuchapplicationsisgenerallyknownasappliedlinguistics.Descriptive描述性的：ifalinguisticstudyaimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobedescriptive.Prescriptive规定性的：ifthelinguisticstudyaimstolaydownrulesfor“correctandstandard”behaviorinusinglanguage,i.e.totellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandwhattheshouldnotsay,itissaidtobeprescriptive.Synchronic共时的：thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftimeinhistoryisasynchronicstudy.synchronicstudy共时研究:Thestudyofalanguageatsomepointintime.e.g.AstudyofthefeaturesoftheEnglishusedinShakespeare’stimeisasynchronicstudy.Diachronic历时的：thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronicstudy.Diachronicstudy历时研究:Thestudyofalanguageasitchangesthroughtime.Adiachronicstudyoflanguageisahistoricalstudy,whichstudiesthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime.e.g.astudyofthechangesEnglishhasundergonesinceShakespeare’stimeisadiachronicstudy.Langue语言：referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.Langueisabstract.Parole言语：referstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.Paroleisconcrete.Competence：(N.Chomsky)definesastheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.Performance：definesastheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.Designfeatures?Designfeaturesrefertothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.设计特点是指界定性质的人类区别于其他动物的交际系统。特点：(1)arbitrariness.Thismeansthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.Forexample:thefactthatdifferentsoundsareusedtorefertothesameobjectindifferentlanguages.(2)productivity生成性:Languageisproductiveorcreativeinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.(3)duality双重性：languageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructuresortwolevels.(4)displacement移位性：languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.(5)culturaltransmission文化的传播:Whilewearebornwiththeabilitytoacquirelanguage,thedetailsofanylanguagearenotgeneticallytransmitted,butinsteadhavetobetaughtandlearned.第二章phonology音系学phonology:Phonologystudiesthesystemofsoundsofaparticularlanguage;itaimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.Phonetics语音学:isdefinedasthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage语言的声音媒介.Thesethreebranchesofphoneticsarelabeledarticulatoryphonetics发声语音学,auditoryphonetics听觉语音学,andacousticphonetics声响语音学respectively.辅音分类见本子Phone音素：isaphonetic语音的unitorsegment.Phoneme音位：isaphonologicalunit;itisaunitthatisofdistinctivevalue.Allophones音位变体：referstothedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironments.Forexample[l]and[l]Phonemiccontrast音位对立：phoneticallysimilarsoundsaretwodistinctivephonemes,theyaresaidtoformaphonemiccontrast.Complementarydistribution互补分布：iftheyareallophonesofthesamephoneme,thentheydonotdistinguishmeaning,butcomplementeachotherindistribution,i.e.theyoccurindifferentphoneticenvironments.Minimalpair最小对：whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,thetwosoundcombinationsaresaidtoformaminimalpair.Forexamples,pillandbillareaminimalpair.第三章morphology形态学Morphology:referstothestudyoftheinternalstructureofwords,andtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.Morphemes词素—theminimalunitsofmeaning.Themostbasicelementofmeaningistraditionallycalledmorpheme.Derivationalmorphemes派生词素(donotchangegrammaticalclass)：averb,forexampleisformedbyadding–entotheadjectiveblack,--blacken.–en,-ate,-icarethuscalledderivationalmorphemes,becausewhentheyareconjoinedtoothermorphemes(orwords)anewwordisderived,orformed.Inflectionalmorphemes屈折词素：theyareattachedtowordsormorphemes,buttheyneverchangetheirsyntacticcategory.第四章syntax句法学Syntacticcategories句法范畴：afundamentalfactaboutwordsinallhumanlanguagesisthattheycanbegroupedtogetherintoarelativelysmallnumberofclasses,calledsyntacticcategories.Modifiers修饰语：stillanotherkindofelementwehavenottoucheduponsofarismodifiers,whichspecifyoptionally选择expressiblepropertiesofheads.第五章semantics语义学Contextualism语境论:theyholdthatmeaningshouldbestudiedintermsofsituation,use,context—elementscloselylinkedwithlanguagebehaviour.Twokindsofcontextarerecognized:thesituationalcontextandthelinguisticcontext.Behaviorism行为主义：definesasthesituationinwhichthespeakeruttersitandtheresponseitcallsforthinthehearer.Sense意义：isconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.Itisthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform;itisabstractandde-contextualized.Reference所指：meanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld;itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.Predication述谓结构：inG.Leech’sframeworkofanalysis,thebasicunitiscalledpredication,whichistheabstractionofthemeaningofasentence.Apredicationconsistsofargument变元andpredicate谓语.第六章pragmatics语用学Pragmatics:canbedefinedthatitisthestudyofhowspeakerofalanguageusesente