德国制造业对我国出口制造业发展的启示

德国制造业对我国出口制造业发展的启示I摘要近年来，随着全球经济形势的日趋低迷，在金融危机，欧债危机以及人民币升值，国内劳动成本上升的压力下，中国传统制造业的转型升级迫在眉睫。全球金融危机之后，几乎所有的发达国家经济都萎靡不振，但有一个国家却是例外，那就是德国。德国不但失业率低而且经济增长迅速，这样好的账单都是制造业强劲出口带来的。德国制造业出口贡献了国家经济增长的2/3，拉动人均GDP的速度比其他任何发达国家都要快，德国也是目前全球第二大出口国。从出口如此强劲的德国制造业身上是不是可以为我国制造业转型升级找到出口呢？本文主要研究为什么德国制造业能够长盛不衰，以及辉煌的德国制造业对我国出口制造业的发展有哪些启示。本文首先描述了我国出口制造业的现状以及目前所面临的的困境，接着对德国制造业的发展历程及现状进行了分析，结果发现今天的中国正如同19世纪晚期的德国，也是追赶型的崛起国，尽管已经成为“世界工厂”和制造业大国，但距离制造业强国甚远。第二部分对分别从德国制造业文化、德国双元制教育体系和德国创新体系三方面对为什么德国制造业能够长盛不衰的原因进行详细分析。“德国制造”由弱到强，由辱到荣的蜕变，与德意志民族的文化传承息息相关。德国制造的核心文化就是严谨理性：专注精神、标准主义、精准主义、完美主义、守序主义、厚实精神。正式德意志民族的这些文化特质恰恰最大限度地满足制造业的特性，制造业的特性在德国获得了文化这种第一竞争力的强力、自觉地支持，从而使德国制造业成为世界第一，这绝不是偶然的。德国制造”的成功离不开富有活力和高水准的技术工人。在培养技术工人的过程中，德国注重推行双元制职业教育，正是这些技术娴熟的工人帮助德国企业在经济全球化过程中始终保持强大竞争力。在德国制造业的成就中，科技创新功不可没。技术创新是形成和提升企业核心竞争力的关键要素。德国成熟的创新体系为德国科技创新提供了强大的推动力。最后，本文提出了德国制造业对我国出口产业发展的借鉴与启示。在文化方面，我国应借鉴德国制造业文化对我国制造业文化再造；在教育方面，双元制教育体制对我国职业教育的启示；在科技创新方面，我们应该认识到，科技创新才是提高制造业核心竞争力的出路，加大研发投入，促进企业自主科技创新，促使企业真正成为自主创新主体。关键词：制造业文化双元制教育体系科技创新德国制造业对我国出口制造业发展的启示IIABSTRACTInrecentyears,withtheincreasingdownturnoftheglobaleconomicsituation,thefinancialcrisis,theEuropeandebtcrisisandunderthepressureofRMBappreciation,risingdomesticlaborcosts,thetransformationandupgradingofChina'straditionalmanufacturingiscomingtoahead.Aftertheglobalfinancialcrisis,almostallofthedevelopedeconomiesarestagnant,butonecountryisanexception,andthatisGermany.Germany’slowunemploymentrateandrapideconomicgrowth,suchagoodbillisthankstoitsstrongmanufacturingexport.Germanmanufacturingexportscontributed2/3ofthecountry'seconomicgrowth,thespeedboostpercapitaGDPisfasterthananyotherdevelopedcountry,Germanyiscurrentlytheworld'ssecondlargestexporter.CouldwefindawaytotransformationandupgradingChina’smanufacturingindustryfromthesuchastrongGermanmanufacturing?ThispaperstudieshowcantheGermanmanufacturingbeeternity,andwhataretheimplicationsofthethebrilliantGermanmanufacturingdevelopmenttoChina'sexportmanufacturing.ThispaperfirstdescribesthecurrentsituationofChina'sexportmanufacturingandcurrentproblems,thenanalysesthecourseofdevelopmentandcurrentsituationoftheGermanmanufacturing.Andwefindthattoday'sChinaisjustlikethelate19thcenturyGermany,alsoacatchingupcountry.Thecountryhasbecometheworldfactoryandabigmanufacturingcountry,butfarfromapowerfulmanufacturingcountry.ThesecondpartanalysiswhyGermanmanufacturingcouldbeeternitystrongfromthreeaspects:thethetheGermanmanufacturingculture,theGermandualeducationsystemandtheGermaninnovationsystem.fromweaktostrong,frominsulttoglorythetransformationofMadeinGermanyiscloselyrelatedtoitsculturalinheritance.ThecorecultureinGermanyisrigorousandrational:adsorptionspirit,standardization,precisionism,perfectionism,oderly,reliablespirit.JusttheseculturalcharacteristicsoftheGermannationarepreciselytomeetthecharacteristicsofthemanufacturingsector,thecharacteristicsofthemanufacturingsectorngaincompetitivestrength,consciouslysupportfromGermanyculture,sotheGermanmanufacturingindustrybecomesthebestoftheworld,itisnotaccidental.MadeinGermany’ssuccessisinseparablewithdynamicandhighlevelofskilledworkers.Intheprocessoftrainingskilledworkers,Germanyfocusontheimplementationofthedualsystemofvocationaleducation,itisthesehighlyskilledworkershelpingGermancompaniesalwaysmaintainstrongcompetitiveintheprocessofeconomicglobalization.Innovationofscienceandtechnologycontributedalottothe德国制造业对我国出口制造业发展的启示IIIachievementsofGermanmanufacturing.Technologicalinnovationisakeyelementtotheformationandenhancethecorecompetitivenessofenterprises.MatureGermaninnovationsystemprovidesapowerfulimpetusfortheGermanscientificandtechnologicalinnovation.Finally,thispaperpresentssomeenlightenmentonChina'sexportsindustrialofmanufacturingfrommadeinGermany.Culturally,ChinashouldlearnfromtheGermanmanufacturingculturetorebuildthecultureofChina'smanufacturingindustry;ineducation,weshouldintroducethedualeducationsystemtooffermanufacturingpersonnelconsistently;intechnologicalinnovation,weshouldrecognizethattechnologicalinnovationisthewaytoimprovemanufacturingcorecompetitiveness,increaseR&Dinvestment,avarietyofresearchinstitutionsandenterprisesworktogethertojointlyboostthescientificandtechnologicalinnovation,encourageenterprisestotrulybecomethemainbodyofindependentinnovation.Keywords:cultureofmanufacturingindustry;dualeducationsystem;innovationoftechnology德国制造业对我国出口制造业发展的启示IV目录绪论...................................................................1一、我国出口制造业的现状...............................................2二、德国制造业的发展历程及现状.........................................2三、德国制造业长盛不衰的分析...........................................3（一）德国制造业文化................................................3（二）双元制教育体制................................................5（三）科技创新体系..................................................7四、德国制造对我国出口制造业的借鉴与启示...............................9（一）重塑“中国制造文”化符号......................................9（二）德国双元制教育体给我国职业教育的启示.........................10（三）促进企业自主创新.............................................11结论..................................................................