金融危机对中国中小企业的影响

创业Entrepreneurship金融危机对中国中小企业的影响TheImpactofFinancialCrisisontheChineseSMEs张玉利(Yuli,Zhang)南开大学创业管理研究中心ResearchCenterofEntrepreneurialManagement,NankaiUniversity,Tianjin,China创业Entrepreneurship金融危机来临ThelmpactofFinancialCrisis•对外贸出口型企业影响大，对内向型企业影响小•Greaterimpactonexportorientedfirmsthanoninternalorientedfirms•对劳动密集性企业影响大，对高新技术企业影响小•Greaterimpactonlabor-intensivefirmsthanonhi-techfirms创业Entrepreneurship金融危机之前Pre-financialCrisis地区Province企业员工人数（人）Thenumberofemployees江苏Jiangsu北京Beijing河南Henan广东GuangDong江西Jiangxi5051-100101-200201-300〉30019.8%14.0%13.2%9.1%5.8%31.4%16.6%18.5%11.0%22.5%3数据来源：中国中小企业协会、南开大学中小企业研究中心，2007年调查有效样本总量：640Source:2007surveybyChinaAssociationofSmallandMediumEnterprisesincollaborationwiththeResearchCentreofSmallandMediumEnterprisesofNankaiUniversity,withaneffectivesampleof640SMEs.创业Entrepreneurship中小企业国际化经营InternationalizationofChineseSMEs•绝大多数企业没有相关的国际业务，69.9%的企业产品（服务）不出口，6.1%的企业产品（服务）全部出口，24.0%的企业产品（服务）部分出口。•Mostofthefirmsinthesamplearenotinvolvedinanyinternationaloperations,with69.9%ofthemhavingnone,6.1%totallydependenton,and24.0%partiallyinvolvedinexport.•有国际业务的中小企业主要采用贸易出口的方式，53.9%的企业采用贸易出口，42.9%的企业采用代理加工制造，3.2%的企业采用海外代理销售。•ThoseSMEshavinginternationaloperationsmainlyrelyonforeigntrade,amongwhich53.9%withgeneraltradeexport,42.9%withOEMtrade,and3.2%asoverseassalesagencies.•希望拓展国际业务的企业中，32.5%的企业倾向于代理加工制造，52.7%的企业倾向于采用贸易出口，12.8%的企业倾向于采用海外代理销售，而3.0%的企业倾向于采用海外投资工厂的方式。•Amongthoseexpectingtoexploreinternationalbusiness,32.5%preferOEM,52.7%tradeexport,12.8%overseassalesagency,andonly3.0%expressedinterestininvestinginoverseasfactories.4创业Entrepreneurship企业各部门人员分布情况Personneldistributionamongdifferentdepartments56~1011~2020管理层Management46.4%22.2%12.1%19.3%生产Production35.7%13.9%4.3%46.1%销售Sales50.5%20.8%13.3%15.4%人力资源Humanresource89.2%7.8%1.5%1.5%财务Finance81.3%12.5%3.8%2.4%研究与开发R&D80.9%9.9%4.8%4.4%创业Entrepreneurship企业比例Proportion融资的最大困难Greatestperceivedfinancingdifficulty27.2%中小企业融资渠道少Limitedfinancingchannels18.9%贷款额度小，频率高，增加交易成本Lowcreditlimits,highborrowingfrequency,hightransactioncosts15.7%可抵押物少，抵押折扣率高Limitedcollateral,highdiscountrates8.6%少税收优惠、财政补贴和贷款援助Smalltaxincentives,financialsubsidiesandconcessionalloans6.5%中小企业信用等级低Lowcreditrating5.9%担保信用体系不完善Imperfectguaranteesystem5.3%资产少，负债能力有限Smallassetsandlowleverage5.0%经营波动大,贷款风险高Fluctuatingoperationsandhighcreditrisks2.7%中小板块上市门槛高Highthresholdforgoingpublic2.1%风险投资机制不健全Weakventurecapitalmechanism1.5%商业信用不发达Under-developedcommercialcreditsystem0.6%民间信贷不规范Unhealthyprivatecreditsystem中小企业融资困难FinancingdifficultiesforSMEs创业Entrepreneurship企业比例Firmproportion技术创新方面的困难Difficultiesfortechnologicalinnovation71.8%管理层创新意识弱Weakinnovationawarenessamongthemanagement43.3%缺乏研发设备LackingR&Dinfrastructure31.0%缺少研发经费SmallR&Dinvestment21.4%研发人员不足ShortageofR&Dstaff8.2%企业文化不突出创新IgnoringR&Dwithincorporateculture中小企业技术创新TechnologicalInnovationinSMEs创业Entrepreneurship管理困难的严重程度（前10位）Managementproblems(top10)排序内部管理困难Difficultiesintheinternalmanagement均值Mean标准差S.D.1难以获得足够的资金Financingdifficulty3.6081.2602员工的素质不能满足企业的需要Unqualifiedstaff3.1261.0083企业生产成本高Highproductioncosts3.0850.9964企业的成功取决于总经理等少数人Firm’ssuccessdependsonthefewpeopleincludinggeneralmanager.2.9661.2875难以留住高水平的人才Difficultyinretaininghigh-qualitytalents2.9011.3986产品的利润率很低Smallprofitmargin2.8601.2587缺乏技术创新能力Inabilityfortechnologicalinnovation2.8331.1538企业抗击市场风险能力低Vulnerabletomarketrisk2.8291.0199企业间相互拖欠问题严重Seriouschaindebts2.7541.54210产品更新速度慢Slowproductupdates2.7061.215创业Entrepreneurship中国中小企业的困难一直存在，金融危机使原来的困难更加突出！TheperennialproblemsfacingChineseSMEsareaggravatedbythefinancialcrises!9创业Entrepreneurship中小企业所处的环境TheenvironmentwhereChineseSMEsexist•重投资环境，轻创业环境Greateremphasisontheinvestmentenvironmentthanontheentrepreneurialenvironment•重引进外资，轻民间力量的发挥Preferenceforforeigninvestmentoverprivatefund•中小企业服务体系不健全；而且重管理，轻服务Theservicesystemisstillincomplete,playingalargerroleinmanagingratherthaninservingtheSMEs.•中小企业政策宣传与落实不力Inadequatepublicityandweakimplementationofrelatedpolicies创业Entrepreneurship金融危机带来的机遇Theopportunities•就业压力促使对创业与中小企业的重视EmploymentpressurehighlightsthecriticalroleofentrepreneurshipandSMEs.•扩大内需的政策为中小企业提供机会ExpansionofdomesticdemandsbringsopportunitiestoSMEs.¾迫使中小企业追求高附加价值，并加速产业转型和技术升级SMEsareforcedtoproducehighvalue-addedproductsandtospeedupindustrytransformationandtechnologyupgrade.¾推进创业与中小企业服务体系的建设TheservicesystemforentrepreneurshipandSMEswillbeimproved.¾重视并改善创业环境Theentrepreneurialenvironmentwillbebettered.创业Entrepreneurship12创业政策与中小企业政策EntrepreneurialandSMEsPolicies9针对创业过程和活动而非创业动机提出有针对性的政策建议9Policiesshouldbedirectedtowardsentrepreneurialprocessesandactivitiesratherthanentrepreneurialmotivation.创业政策Entrepreneurialpolicy中小企业政策SMEspolicy孕育阶段Gestation萌芽阶段Budding创业阶段Newventurecreation创业后42个月Initial42months稳定扩张Steadygrowth创业Entrepreneurship13区分创业环境与成长环境Differencesbetweenentrepreneurialenvironmentandgrowthenvironment•区分开创业环境和成长环境Differentiateentrepreneurialenvironmentfromgrowthenvironment•创业环境Entrepreneurialenvironment：降低交易成本；减低经营成本;简化创业手续；信息畅通;允许失败并鼓励企业家精神；Reducedtransactionandoperationalcosts,simplifiedregistrati