土木工程专业外语秦卫红主编1-7课后答案

ENGLISHWORDS1.Atotalelongationofabarcarryinganaxialforce带了轴力的杆件伸长量2.Abarthathasconstantcrosssectionthroughoutitslengthandastraitaxis一个全长等截面的直轴3.Auniformstretching均匀拉伸4.Unitsofforcedividedbyarea单位面积上的力5.Acompressivestress压应力6.Atrightanglestoitsaxis垂直于轴杆7.ThisconditionwillberealizediftheaxialforcePactsthroughthecentroidofthecrosssection,ascanbedemonstratedystatics.这种情况将被认为：如果一个轴向力P作用在横截面中心，那么它可以以静力学来解释。8.Also,unlessstatedotherwise,itisgenerallyassumedthattheweightoftheobjectitselfisneglected,aswasdonewhendiscussingthebarinFig.1-1.同样，除非另有说明，这个通常假设该物体的重力被忽略，对于在像图Ι-Ι讨论杆件的时候。9.Bymakinganartificialcutthroughthebaratrightanglestoitsaxis,wecanisolatepartsofthebarasafreebody.人工的截开这个杆在垂直于轴向的方向上，我们能隔离出杆的一部分为自由端。10.Theconceptsofstressandstraincanbeillustratedinanelementarywaybyconsideringtheextensionofprismaticbar.应力和应变能够用一种基本的方式来解释，考虑该柱形延伸的杆件。11.Assumingthatthestresshasauniformdistributionoverthecrosssection,wecanreadilyseethatitsresultantisequaltotheintensityａtimesthecross-sectionareaAofthebar.假设在整个横截面上有着均匀分布的应力，我们能理解到它的结果等于强度6与横截面面积A的乘积。12.WhenthebarisbeingstretchedbytheforceP,asshowninthefigure,theresultingstressisatensilestress;iftheforcesarereversedindirection,causingthebartobecompressed,theyarecalledcompressivestresses.当一个杆件被力P拉伸，我们可以看到在途中，这个结果应力为拉力，如果这个里方向相反，将造成这个敢见被压缩，这叫压应力。13.Thecriticalload临界荷载14.Theultimateload最终荷载15.amodulusofelasticity弹性模量16.afactorofsafety安全因素17.elasticbuckling弹性弯曲18.initialcrookedness故有弯曲19.theslendernessratio长细比20.Adiagramofthecompressivestressinthecolumnversustheslendernessratiocannowbeplotted.一个图表关于有压力的柱体长细比能马上被绘制。21.ForpracticalpurposeitissometimessufficienttodrawastraightlineEBandtoconsiderthatitrepresentsthecriticalstressesformedium-lengthcolumns.对实际的目的而言，这个有时候足以用画一条直线EB来考虑和代表临界应力关于中等柱体。22.Atthisstressthecolumnfailseitherbyadirectfailureofthematerialorbybucking,dependingupontheslendernessratio.对于这种应力的柱体被破坏不是直接压坏就是被压弯，这取决于这根柱的长细比。23.Thisconditioncannotbeimprovedbyusingahigherstrengthmaterial;instead,thecriticalstresscanberaisedbyincreasingtheradiusofgyrationorbyusingamaterialwithahighermodulusofelasticity.这种情况下不能被提高：用一更高的强度的材料，但是用一更高回转半径的材料或者有更高弹性模量的材料能提高临界应力。24.TheEulerformulaforthecriticalloadisinapplicableinsomeinstancesandgivesvalueswhicharetoohigh.欧拉公式的临界荷载有些情况不能应用，这回导致结果值太高。25.deadloads静荷载26.liveloads动荷载27.themeanload平均荷载28.rationalsafetyprovisions合理安全措施29.randomvariable随机变量30.Safetyrequiresthatthestrengthofthestructurebeadequateforallloadswhichmayforeseeablyactonit.安全要求结构的强度对于预见的作用在这个上面的全部荷载是充分的。31.Serviceabilityrequiresthatdeflectionsbeadequatelysmall,thatcracks,ifany,bekepttotolerablelimits,thatvibrationsbeminimized.适用性要求充分小的挠度，可以保持在允许范围内的裂缝和尽量小的震动。32.Actualloadsmaydifferfromthoseassumedinthedesign.真实的荷载或许与假设中的设计不相同。33.Actualloadsmaybedistributedinamannerdifferentfromthatassumedinthedesigh.真实的荷载分布情况或许与假设中涉及不相同34.Deadloadsarethosewhichareconsistentinmagnitudeandfixedinlocationthroughoutthelifetimeofthestructure.静荷载是一直在大小和位置都不变的作用在结构上。35.flatroof平屋顶36.pitchedroof人字形屋顶37.upwindpartoftheroof屋顶的逆风面38.canopyroof天蓬屋顶39.windwardpartoftheroof屋顶的上风面40.windparallelwithbuildingfacade平行于建筑物正面的风41.windperpendiculartobuildingfacade垂直于建筑物正面的风42.Whentheundisturbedairflowapproachesabuilding,itisforcedaroundandoverthebuilding.当没有干扰的气流接近一个建筑，它的力量是覆盖在建筑物的周围和上方。43.Pressureismarkedbyplusandsuctionismarkedbyminusinthefollowingfigures.压力在下边的图表中为“+”，引力为“—”。44.Forpitchedroofswithaslopeofbetween15and30,suctionaswellaspressuremayoccurontheupwindpartoftheroof.对于坡度在15到30的人字坡而言，吸力和压力一样或许作用在逆风屋顶。45.Ifthisaspectwasincorporatedintothebuildingtraditionsofareaspronetoseverehurricanes,thenumberoflow-risestructuralfailuresintheseareascouldbereducedinthefuture.如这个方面综合考虑系统倾向于严重的飓风区域内不高的结构承载力破坏的数量在这些区域在未来将减少。46.memberperformance构件工作性能47.rationalsafetyprovisions合理安全储备48.concretecoverdistance保护层厚度49.randomvariable随机变量50.deepflexuralmembers深梁51.Tensioncracksinbeamsmaybewideenoughtobevisuallydisturbing,andinsomecasesmayreducethedurabilityofthestructure.梁中拉应力产生的裂缝足够宽看起来是烦人的，在某些情况下或许会降低结构的耐久性。52.Allreinforcedconcretebeamscrack,generallystartingatloadswellbelowservicelevel,andpossiblyevenpriortoloadingduetorestrainedshrinkage.所有的钢筋混凝土梁的裂缝，通常开始于荷载低于服务水平，而且可能甚至在荷载作用前限制收缩。53.Inearlyreinforcedconcretedesigns,questionsofserviceabilityweredealtwithindirectly,bylimitingthestressesinconcreteandsteelatserviceloadstotheratherconservativevaluesthathadresultedinsatisfactoryperformance.所有的钢筋混凝土设计中，适用性方面的问题是被间接处理的，通过限制混凝土的应力和承受荷载的钢筋在保守之范围内来导致完美的工作性能。54.Inthediscussionoftheimportanceofagoodbondbetweensteelandconcreteitwaspointedoutthatifproperendanchorageisprovided,abeamwillnotfailprematurely,eventhoughthebondisdestroyedalongtheentirespan.在讨论一个好的连接在钢筋和混凝土间的重要性，这是被指出的：如果正确的尾端锚固存在，一个梁不会被提早破坏，即使连接在整跨上被破坏了，亦如此。55.ExperimentsbyBromesandothershaveshownthatbothcrackspacingandcrackwidtharerelatedtotheconcretecoverdistancedc,measuredfromthecenterofthebartothefaceoftheconcrete.Bromes和其他人的实验表明，裂缝间距和裂缝宽度与保护层厚度有关，这个厚度是杆中心到混凝土表面的距离。56.Earthquake-resistantstructures抗震结构57.Post-and-resistingelements立柱和梁的组合体58.Lateral-load-resistingelements抵抗侧应力的构件59.Ri