大学英语四级真题2008年12月

108.12PartIWriting作文题目：LimitingTheUseofDisposablePlasticBags1.一次性塑料袋曾被广泛的使用2.造成的问题3.限制使用的意义PartIIReadingcomprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(15minutes)Directions:Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet1.Forquestion1-7,choosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).Forquestions8-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.That'senough,kidsItwasalovelydayattheparkandStellaBianchiwasenjoyingthesunshinewithhertwochildrenwhenayoungboy,agedaboutfour,approachedhertwo-year-oldsonandpushedhimtotheground.I'dwatchedhimforalittlewhileandmysonwasthefourthorfifthchildhe'dshoved.shesays,Iwentovertothem,pickedupmyson,turnedtotheboyandsaid,firmly,'No,wedon'tpush.'Whathappenednextwasunexpected.Theboy'smotherrantowardmefromacrossthepark.Stellasays.Ithoughtshewascomingovertoapologise,butinsteadshestartedshoutingatmefor'discipliningherchild'.AllIdidwaslethimknowhisbehaviourwasunacceptable.WasIsupposedtositbackwhileherkiddidwhateverhewanted,hurtingotherchildrenintheprocess?Gettingyourownchildrentoplayniceisdifficultenough.Dealingwithotherpeople'schildrenhasbecomeaminefieldInmyhouse,jumpingonthesofaisnotallowed.Inmysister'shouseit'sencouraged.Forher,it'saboutkidsbeingkids:Ifyoucan'tdoitatthree,whencanyoudoit?Eachofthesephilosophiesisvalidand,ithastobesaid,mysonlovesvisitinghisaunt'shouse.ButIfindmyselfsayingnoalotwhenherkidsareoveratmine.That'sOKbetweensistersbutbecomesdangerousterritorywhenyou'retalkingtothechildrenoffriendsoracquaintances.2Kidsaren'tallraisedthesame.agreesProfessorNaomiWhiteofMonashUniversity.Butthere'sstillanideathatthey'rethepropertyoftheparents.Weseeourchildrenasanextensionofourselves,soifyou'resayingthatmychildisbehavinginappropriately,thenthat'ssomehowacriticismofme.Inthosecircumstances,it'sdifficulttoknowwhethertoapproachthechilddirectlyortheparentfirst.Therearetwoschoolsofthought.I'dgotothefirst.saysAndrewFuller,authorofTrickyKids,Usuallyaquietreminderthat'wedon'tdothathere'isenough.Kidshavefinelytunedantennae(直觉）forhowtobehaveindifferentsettings.Hepointsoutthatbringingitupwiththeparentfirstmaymakethemfeelneglectful,whichcouldcauseproblems.Ofcourse,approachingthechildfirstcanbringitsownheadaches,too.ThisiswhyWhiterecommendsthatyouapproachtheparentsfirst.Raiseyourconcernswiththeparentsifthey'rethereandaskthemtodealwithit.shesays.****howtoapproachaparentinthissituation.PsychologistMeredithFulleranswers:Explainyourneedsaswellasstressingtheimportanceofthefriendship.Prefaceyourremarkswithsomethinglike:'Iknowyou'llthinkI'msillybutinmyhouseIdon'twant...'Whenitcomestosituationswhereyou'reearingforanotherchild.Whiteisstraightforward:Commonsensemuseprevail.Ifthingsdon'tgowellthenhaveachat.There'reacoupleofnewgreyareas.Physicalpunishment,onceacceptedfromanyadult,isnolongerappropriate.Nowyoucan'tdoitwithoutfeelinguneasyaboutit.Whitesays.Menmightalsofeeluneasyaboutdealingwithotherpeople'schildren.Menfeelnervous,Whitesays.Anewsetofconsiderationshascometotheforeaspartofthedebateabouthowwehandlechildren.ForAndrewFuller,thechild-centridnatureofoursocietyhasaffectedeveryone.Therulesaredifferentnowfromwhentoday'sparentsweregrowingup,hesays.Adultsarescaredofsaying,'Don'tswear',oraskingachildtostanduponabus.They'reworriedthattherewillbeconflictiftheypointthesethingsout-eitherfromolderchildren,ortheirparents.Heseesitasalossofthesenseofcommonpublicgoodandpubliccourtesy(礼貌),andsaysthatadultssufferfromitasmuchaschildren.3MeredithFulleragrees,Acodeofconductishardtocreatewhenyou'relivinginaworldinwhicheveryoneisexhaustedfromoverworkandlackofsleep,andaworldinwhichnicepeopleareperceivedtofinishlast.It'saboutwhatI'mdoinganwhatIneed,AndrewFullersays.Thedayswhenakidcamehomefromschoolandsaid,'Igotintotrouble',anddadsaid,'Youprobablydeservedit',areover.Nowtheparentsarecharginguptotheschooltohaveagoatteachers.Thisjumpingtoourchildren'sdefenceispartofwhatfuelsthewalkingoneggshellsfeelingthatsurroundsourdealingswithotherpeople'schildren.Youknowthatifyouremonstrate（劝诫）withthechild,you'regoingtohavetodealwiththeparents.It'sadmirabletobeprotectiveofourkids,butisitgood?Childrenhavetolearntonegotiatetheworldontheirown,withinreasonableboundaries,Whitesays.Isuspectthatit'sonlycertainsectorsofthepopulationdoingtherunningtotheschool-better0educatedparentsareprobablymorelikelytobetooinvolved.Whitebelievesournotionsofamorechild-centredsocietyshouldbechallenged.Todaywehaveasituationwhere,inmanyfamilies,bothparentswork,sotheamountoftimechildrengetfromparentshasdiminished,shesays.Also,sometimeswhenwetalkaboutbeingchild-centred,it'sawayoftalkingabouttreatingourchildrenlikecommodities(商品).We'recentredonthembutinwaysthatreflectpositivelyonus.Wetreatthemasobjectswhoseappearanceandachievementsaresomethingwecanbeproudor,ratherthanservethebestinterestsofthechildren.Onewayover-worked,under-resourcedparentsshowcommitmenttotheirchildrenistoleaptotheirdefence.Backatthepark,Bianchi'sintervention(干预）onherson;sbehalfendedinanundignifiedexchangeofinsultingwordswiththeotherboy'smother.AsBianchiapp