国立清华大学脑与心智第五讲(焦传金教授).

学习&记忆2012/10/162012/10/16AtkinsonandShiffrinmodalmodelofmemory2012/10/16记忆包含四个步骤：登录、储存、提取和遗忘2012/10/16BaddeleyandHitchmodelofworkingmemory同时下45盘棋的西洋棋选手2012/10/16Themagicnumberof7(GeorgeMiller,1950s)bitvs.chunkShort-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短期记忆：Repeattoremember长期记忆：RemembertorepeatNeuralbasisofhumanmemory2012/10/16ThisportraitofHenryGustavMolaison,orH.M.,wastakenshortlybeforeheunderwenttheexperimentalsurgerythatwoulddestroyhisabilitytoformlong-termmemories.2012/10/162012/10/162012/10/162012/10/16–howmemoryworks?HMperformedpoorlyonmemoryforshortstories,wordlists,pictures,andawiderangeofothermaterials(ScovilleandMilner,1957).FouraspectsofHM’smentalcapacitythatinfluencethemodernresearchonmemorysystems1.Cognitiveabilities(perception,abstractthinking,reasoning,intelligenceIQ)otherthanmemorywereintact.2.Theabilitytomaintaininformationonline(workingmemory)wasintact.3.Thechildhoodmemorieswereintact.4.Theabilitytoacquirenewmotorskilllearning(tracingtheoutlineofastarwhenviewingthepaperonlythroughamirror)wasintact.2012/10/16Amnesiawascharacterizedbyanimpairmentindeclarativememoryandthatproceduralmemorywasleftintact(CohenandSquire,1980).2012/10/162012/10/16Thehypothesizedstructureofhumanmemory2012/10/16没有记忆的人(BBCbrainstory)2012/10/16AccordingtoTulving,animalslikehiscathavenoepisodicmemory,althoughtheyhaveknowledgeofmanythingsEpisodicmemorydependsprimarilyonthehippocampalcomponentofthelargersystem,whereassemanticmemorydependsprimarilyontheunderlyingcortices.2012/10/162012/10/16语意痴呆症(BBCbrainstory)Neuralbasisofhumanmemory2012/10/162012/10/16短期记忆：Repeattoremember长期记忆：Remembertorepeat2012/10/16重复加强记忆Massivelearningvs.Spacedlearning假如你只有一个星期可以准备期末考，只有读这个单元十次的时间，那你一定要把时间间隔开来。在一个星期中十个不同的时间重复看这个单元，而不是一次把这个单元看十遍。2012/10/16人类的记忆不像是「录音机」，而像是「食物调理机」2012/10/162012/10/162012/10/16登录的形式2012/10/16AirplaneJumpLaughTallTractorGreenAppleZeroWeatherPastelQuicklyOceanNicelyCountertop2012/10/16解碼1.在学习时，讯息登录得越仔细，记忆就越强。2.记忆痕迹储存在大脑最初接触到和处理这个讯息的同一个地方。3.假如能重复原始登录时的情境，提取的效果会最好。StriatumspecificHippocampusspecificMemoryofhabits,actions,andoutcomes2012/10/16•TheBLAisimportantforacquiringanaversiontothetone.•Thecentralnucleusisimportantforproducingfearfulresponsesingeneral.Arangeoffear-relatedbehaviors,includingautomaticandmotorresponses(e.g.,changesinheartrate,bloodpressure,sweating,hormonerelease,andalternationsinstartleresponse).2012/10/162012/10/162012/10/162012/10/16AplysiaSiphon-gillwithdrawreflexTail-siphonwithdrawreflex2012/10/162012/10/16Cellsthatfiretogether,wiretogetherWhenanaxonofcellAisnearenoughtoexciteacellBandrepeatedlyorpersistentlytakespartinfiringit,somegrowthprocessormetabolicchangetakesplaceinoneorbothcellssuchthatA’sefficiency,asoneofthecellsfiringB,isincreased.(Hebb,1949)DonaldHebb2012/10/162012/10/16记忆拼图Memento2012/10/162012/10/162012/10/162012/10/162012/10/162012/10/162012/10/162012/10/162012/10/162012/10/162012/10/162012/10/162012/10/162012/10/162012/10/162012/10/16好书分享2012/10/16透视记忆Memory--FrommindtoMolecules作者：史奎尔&肯戴尔译者：洪兰出版：2001/9/15出版社：远流出版本书为美国精神病学、神经科学、心理学教授史奎尔（LarryR.Squire）及二○○○年因研究海蜗牛机制而获诺贝尔生医奖得主肯戴尔（EricR.Kandel）第一本有关记忆研究的革命性发现与看法，除了了解记忆是如何作用，并从分子生物学的领域中探究大脑的记忆系统与认知记忆储存机制，从而寻求研发治疗因年龄而造成记忆衰退的药物，以及减缓阿兹海默症病情恶化的治疗法，对于未来神经学和精神病学在医学上的研究和临床治疗，将有莫大的帮助与影响力2012/10/16记忆的秘密CommittedtoMemory作者：萝普原文作者：RebeccaRupp译者：洪兰出版社：猫头鹰为什么有人可以记得一万五千个电话号码，有人却过目即忘？女人的记性真的比较好？老人家一定健忘吗？为什么我们留不住婴儿时期的记忆？记性能够训练吗？记忆是像货物一样，堆积在大脑深处吗？「洗脑」又是怎么回事？要了解你的记忆力，你犯不着记住长篇大论；这首记忆之歌的每个小节只有三到五页的篇幅，以各种简短有趣的轶事、诗歌、引文串连，慢慢带领读者认识记忆的中枢--大脑，让你从「头」了解记忆的奥秘！