句子成分1

1句子成分一、句子成分（一）句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分：主语和谓语(只要有谓语，就是句子)次要成分：表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语和插入语。（二）主语：主语(Subject)表示句子说的是什么人或什么事.是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首（除特殊句式外）。主语可由很多形式来表示。例如：1.Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.（名词）2.WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.（代词）3.Twentyhaveknownthesecret.（数词）4.Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.（不定式）5.Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.（动名词）6.Therichshouldhelpthepoor.（名词化的形容词）7.WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.（主语从句）8.Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）总结：主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。（三）谓语谓语(Predicate)说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.Theplanetookoffatteno’clock.2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词加动词原形构成。如：Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.（2）由助动词加动词原形,现在分词,过去分词构成。如：DoyouspeakEnglish？Theyareworkinginafield.Hehascaughtabadcold.Womenworkersarepaidbyanhour.（3）由系动词加表语构成。如：Wearestudents.注意：谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。（四）表语表语(Predicative)用以说明主语的性质、特征、状态与身份，它一般位于系动词（如be,become,get,look,2grow,turn,seem等）之后。表语可由很多形式表示。例如：1.OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.（名词）2.Isityours?（代词）3.Theweatherhasturnedcold.（形容词）4.Thespeechisexciting.（分词）5.Threetimessevenistwentyone?（数词）6.HisjobistoteachEnglish.（不定式）7.Hishobbyisplayingfootball.（动名词）8.Themeetingisofgreatimportance.（介词短语）9.Timeisup.Theclassisover.（副词）10.Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.（表语从句）总结：表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语及表语从句表示。注意：系动词（Linkingverb)用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。1）状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，例如：Heisateacher.2）持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep,remain,stay,lie,stand,（通常不用于进行时）例如：Healwayskeptsilentatmeeting.3）表像系动词用来表示“看起来像”这一概念，主要有seem,appear,look,例如：Heseems(tobe)verysad.4）感官系动词主要有feel,smell,sound,taste,例如：Thiskindofclothfeelsverysoft.5）变化系动词表示主语变成什么样，主要有become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run.例如：Theriverwasbeginningtorundry.6）终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove,turnout,表达结果是;证明是，之意，例如：Therumorprovedfalse.Hisplanturnedoutasuccess.（五）宾语3宾语（Object）表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：1.Heisdoinghishomework.（名词）2.Theheavyrainpreventedmefromcomingtoschoolontime.（代词、动名词）3.Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavefive.（名词、数词）4.Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.（名词化形容词，名词）5.Hepretendednottoseeme.（不定式短语）6.Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.（动名词短语）7.Ithink（that）heisfitforhisoffice.（宾语从名）8.Telephonemakesitpossibletocommunicatewiththedistantrelatives.9.Hehasmadeitclearthathewon’tgiveup.it作形式宾语，todo和从句作真正的宾语。宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lendmeyourdictionary,please.To:write,tell,pass,give,send,promise,show,hand,read,tell,bring,throw等，例如：HesentthenoveltoWilliamyesterday.For:leave,buy,build,choose,cook,draw,find,get,order,post,save等，例如：Sheboughtagiftforhermother.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：Theyelectedhimtheirmonitor.判断宾语类型WecallhimXiaoming.复合宾语Wegivehimadog.双宾语Welethimourmonitor.复合宾语Weteachhimknowledge双宾语总结：在语法上宾语与宾补是逻辑上的主谓关系，在含义上宾补是对宾语进行补充说明，而双宾语没有这种关系和含义。下列动词只能接不定式做宾语ask,agree,care,choose,demand,dare,decide,expect,fail,help,hope,learn,manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,want,wish,desire等，如：Herefusedtolendmehisbike.下列动词只能接动名词做宾语admit,avoid,advise,consider,enjoy,excuse,escape,finish,imagine,mind,practise,suggest等，如：Johnhasadmittedbreakingthewindow.下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词做宾语，但意义不同，如mean,try,remember,forget,regret等。forgettodo表示“未发生的动作”，forgetdoing表示“已完成的动作”。如：Don'tforgettocomehereearliertomorrow.(还没来)Iforgotreturningthebooktohim.(书已还给他了)Don’tforgettoreturnthebooktohim.(书还没有还给他了)4（六）宾语补足语宾语补足语（ObjectComplement）用于补充说明宾语的动作，一般位于宾语之后，宾语与宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。1.HisfathernamedhimXiaoming.（名词）2.Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.（形容词）3.Letthefreshairin.（副词）4.Youmustn’tforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.（不定式短语）5.Wesawherenteringtheroom.（现在分词）6.Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.（介词短语）7.Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.（从句）宾补一般可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。（七）定语修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语(Attribute)。定语可由以下等成分表示：1.Guilinisabeautifulcity.（形容词）2.Chinaisadevelopingcountry;Americaisadevelopedcountry.（分词）3.Therearethirtywomenteachersinourschool.（名词，介词短语）4.HisrapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.（代词，介词短语）5.Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassroom.（不定式短语）6.Theteachingplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.（动名词，介词短语）7.HeisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearnEnglish.（介词短语）8.Sheisthegirlwhosingsbestinmyclass.(定语从句)（八）状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语（Adverbial）。可由以下形式表示：1.Lighttravelsmostquickly.（副词）2.Hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears.（介词短语）3.Generally/Usually,hegetsupat6.（副词）4.Heisproudtohavepassedthenationalcollegeentranceexamination.（不定式短语）5.Heisintheroom,makingamodelplane.（分词短语）6.Waitaminute.（名词）7.Onceyoubegin,youmustcontinue.（状语从句）10种状语种类如下：51.Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?（时间状语）2.Lastnightshedidn’tgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.（原因状语）3.Ishallgothereifitdoesn’train.（条件状语）4.MrSmithlivesonthethirdfloor.（地点状语）5.Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.（方式状语）6Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.（伴随状语）7.Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.（目的状语）8.Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.（结果状语）9.Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.（让步状语）10.Iamtallerthanheis.（比较状语）（九）同位语（Appositive）对前面的名词或代词做进一步的解释，通常由名词或从句担任，如：T