句子成分和简单句五个基本句型

句子成分和简单句五个基本句型一、句子成分构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。句子成分常用词性主语名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句谓语动词宾语名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和宾语从句表语名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句定语形容词、名词、代词、分词、不定式、动名词、介词短语和定语从句状语副词、副词性词组、介词短语、不定式、分词、名词和状语从句宾补名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句同位语名词等（一）主语主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在therebe结构、疑问句（当主语不是疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。1.Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.（名词）2.WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.（代词）3.One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.（数词）4.Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.（不定式）5.Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.（动名词）6.Therichshouldhelpthepoor.（名词化的形容词）7.WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.（主语从句）8.Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）（二）谓语谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.Hehascaughtabadcold.（2）由系动词加表语构成。如：Wearestudents.（三）表语表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等）之后。OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.（名词）Isityours?（代词）Theweatherhasturnedcold.（形容词）Thespeechisexciting.（分词）Threetimessevenistwentyone?（数词）HisjobistoteachEnglish.（不定式）Hishobbyisplayingfootball.（动名词）Themachinemustbeoutoforder.（介词短语）Timeisup.Theclassisover.（副词）Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.（表语从句）（四）宾语宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。Theywenttoseeanexhibitionyesterday.（名词）Theheavyrainpreventedmefromcomingtoschoolontime.（代词）Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavefive.（数词）Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.（名词化形容词）Hepretendednottoseeme.（不定式短语）Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.（动名词短语）Ithink（that）heisfitforhisoffice.（宾语从句）宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lendmeyourdictionary,please.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：Theyelectedhimtheirmonitor.（五）宾语补足语（宾补）英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等+宾语+宾补）。HisfathernamedhimDongdong.（名词）Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.（形容词）Letthefreshairin.（副词）Youmustn’tforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.（不定式短语）Wesawherenteringtheroom.（现在分词）Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.（介词短语）Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.（从句）(六）定语修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。Hangzhouisabeautifulcity.（形容词）Chinaisadevelopingcountry;Americaisadevelopedcountry.（分词）Therearethirtywomenteachersinourschool.（名词）HisprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.（代词）Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassroom.（不定式短语）Theteachingplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.（动名词）HeisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearnEnglish.（介词短语）（七）状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。Lighttravelsmostquickly.（副词及副词性词组）Hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears.（介词短语）Heisproudtohavepassedthenationalcollegeentranceexamination.（不定式短语）Heisintheroommakingaplanemodel.（分词短语）Waitaminute.（名词）Onceyoubegin,youmustcontinue.（状语从句）状语种类1.Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?（时间状语）2.Lastnightshedidn’tgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.（原因状语）3.Ishallgothereifitdoesn’train.（条件状语）4.MrSmithlivesonthethirdfloor.（地点状语）5.Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.（方式状语）6.Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.（伴随状语）7.Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.（目的状语）8.Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.（结果状语）9.Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.（让步状语）10.Iamtallerthanheis.（比较状语）（八）同位语一个名词(或其它形式)对另一个名词或代词进行修饰，限定或说明，这个名词(或其它形式)就是同位语。同位语与被它限定的词的格要一致，并常常紧挨在一起。Mr.Smith,ournewteacher,isverykindtous.YesterdayItalkedtomyEnglishteacher,Mr.James.Hehimselftoldmethathisbrotherisadoctor.二、句子种类两种分类法1、按句子的用途可分四种：（1）陈述句（肯定、否定）：Heissixyearsold.Shedidn’thearofyoubefore.（2）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：Dotheylikeskating?Howoldishe?Ishesixorsevenyearsold?Marycanswim,can’tshe?（3）祈使句Becareful,boys;Don’ttalkinclass（4）感叹句Howclevertheboyis!按句子的结构可分三种：1）简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。HeoftenreadsEnglishinthemorning.TomandMikeareAmericanboys.Shelikesdrawingandoftendrawspicturesforthewallnewspapers.2)并列句：由并列连词（and,but,or等）或分号（；）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。Youhelphimandhehelpsyou.Thefutureisbright;theroadistortuous.。3）复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。复合句包含：名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句等。TheforeignvisitorstookalotofpictureswhentheywereattheGreatWall.并列句的分类1、表示连接两个同等概念，常用and,notonly…butalso…,neither…nor…,then等连接。Theteacher’snameisSmith,andthestudent’snameisJohn.2、表示选择，常用的连词有or,either…or…,otherwise等。Hurryup,oryou’llmissthetrain.3、表示转折，常用的连词有but,still,however,yet,while,when等。Hewasalittlemanwiththickglasses,buthehadastrangewayofmakinghisclasseslivelyandinteresting.4、表示因果关系，常用的连词有so,for,therefore等。Augustisthetimeoftheyearforriveharvest,soeverydayIworkfromdawnuntildark.三、简单句的五种基本句型（1）S＋V（主语＋谓语）Wework.（2）S＋V＋P（主语＋谓语/系动词＋表语）Heisastudent.（3）S＋V＋O（主语＋谓语＋宾语）Writingmakesanexactman．（4）S＋V＋O＋O（主语＋谓语＋间接宾语＋直接宾语）Myfatherboughtmeacar.（5）S＋V＋O＋OC（主语＋谓语＋宾语＋宾补）Thatnewsmadeherhappy．注：其他各种句子都可由这一种基本句型扩展、变化或省略而构成。基本句型一：主谓S＋Vi(动词为不及物动词和不及物的动词词组。在有的句子中，不及物动词可以有状语修饰。)1.Thesunisrising.2.I'lltry.3.Theenginebrokedown.4.Didyousleepwell？(well做状语，修饰不及物动词sleep)基本句型二：主系表S＋V＋P(动词是系动词，划线部分为表语。)1.Mr.Brownisanengineer.(名词做表语)2.Gradualyhebecamesilent.(形容词…)3.Sheremainedstandingforanhour.(现在分词…)4.Thequestionremainedunsolved.(过去分词…)5.Themachineisoutoforder.(介词短语…)6.Thetelevisionwason.(副词…)7.Hisplanistokeeptheaffairsecret.(动词不定式…)8.Myjobisrepairingcars.(动名词…)9.Theques