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名词单数变复数的规则一、绝大多数的可数名词的复数形式,是在该词末尾加上后辍-s。读音变化:结尾是清辅音读[s],结尾是浊辅音或元音读[z]。例:friend→friends;cat→cats;style→styles;sport→sports注意:除人民币元、角、分外,美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。例:adollar,twodollars;ameter,twometers二、凡是以s、x、ch、sh结尾的词,在该词末尾加上后辍-es构成复数。读音变化:统一加读[iz]。例:bus→buses;fox→foxes;match→matches;flash→flashes注意:以下这些以o结尾的单词的复数形式也是加es,读音变化:加读[z]tomato→tomatoes;potato→potatoes;mango→mangoes;mosquito-mosquitoes;hero-heroes;Volcano(火山)-volcanoes;torpedo(鱼雷)→torpedoes【以-o结尾的名词,如果不是外来词或缩写,就加-es,否则加-s构成复数,比如:pianos,photos,zoos,bamboos,kangaroos(袋鼠),videos(录像机),radios(收音机,无线电),studios(工作室,画室,演播室,电影制片厂,摄影棚),folios(对开的纸,页码或张数),embryos(胚胎,胚芽),taboos(禁忌,戒律)】三、以辅音字母+y结尾的名词,将y改变为i,再加-es。读音变化:加读[z]。例:candy→candies;lady→ladies;story→stories四、以-f或-fe结尾的名词,多为将-f或-fe改变为-ves,但有例外。读音变化:尾音[f]改读[vz]。例:knife→knives;life→lives;leaf(树叶)→leaves;staff→staves;scarf(围巾,领巾)→scarves反例:roof(房顶,顶部)→roofs五、没有变化规律的单词Man-menwoman-womenperson-peoplechild-childrentooth-teethfoot-feetGoose-geesemouse-miceox-oxen(牛)六、单复数同形的单词Deersheepfishsalmon(蛙鱼,三文鱼,大马哈鱼)trout(鳟鱼)牛cattle(区别castle城堡)Cannon(大炮,机关大炮)七、有些单词的复数表示特别的意思Waters:(湖、河等的)水域;海域;江水;河水;湖水Fishes:(各种)鱼Goods:货物八、常以复数形式出现的单词Shoessockstrousersshorts(短裤)clothesscissors(剪刀)gloves(手套)Glasses(眼镜)代词单数变复数一、指示代词this-thesethat-those二、人称代词人称人称代词主格人称代词宾格单数复数单数复数第一人称Iwemeus第二人称youyouyouyou第三人称ittheyitthemhehimsheher三、物主代词形容词性物主代词名词性物主代词单数复数单数复数第一人称myourmineours第二人称youryouryoursyours第三人称itstheiritstheirshishisherhers从上表可以看到:it-they/them(she/he-theyits/his-their)her-their/them动词变第三人称的规则1、大多数动词在词尾加“S”在清辅音后发音为[s],在浊辅音及元音后发音为[z]。如:①stop-stops[s];make-makes[s]②read-reads[z];2、以辅音字母加“y”结尾的,要先将“y”变为“i”,然后在加“es”读[iz]如:fly-flies[z];carry-carries[z]study-studies[z];worry-worries3、以“s,x,ch,sh,o”结尾的,在词尾加“es”,前4个发音为[iz],以“o”结尾的动词,读[z],如:teach-teaches[iz];watch-watches[iz]go-goes[z]do-does[z]4、特殊动词单三形式Have-hasare-is/am现在分词变化规则1.直接+ing例:sleeping,jump——jumpinggo——goingpushing——pushing2.以不发音字母e结尾的动词,先去e,再加-ing例:bitingTake——takeingleave——leavingwrite——writing3.重读闭音节,且末尾只有1个辅音字母,双写辅音字母+ing例:sittingCut—cuttingput—puttingstop—stoppingfit—fittingbegin—beginningforget—forgetting注意:play-playing4.特殊变化:die-dying,lie-lying,tie-tying动词过去式变化规则1.一般在动词末尾加-ed如:pull-pulled,cook-cooked读音:规则动词词尾加-ed有三种读音:在清辅音后读作[t]。如:asked,helped,watched,stopped在浊辅音和元音后读作[d]。如:enjoyed,studied,moved,called在t/d后读作[id]。如:wanted,needed2.结尾是e加d,如:taste-tasted3.末尾只有一个元音字母和一个辅音字母的重读闭音节,应双写末尾的辅音字母,再加-ed,如:stop-stopped注意:play-played4.以“辅音字母+y”结尾的,变y为i,再加-ed,如:study-studied5.不规则动词过去式:(不规则动词表)am,is-wasare-weredo-didsee-sawsay-saidgive-gaveget-gotgo-wentcome-camehave-hadeat-atetake-tookrun-ransing-sangput-putmake-maderead-readwrite-wrotedraw-drewdrink-drankfly-flewride-rodespeak-spokesweep-sweptswim-swamsit-sat【重读闭音节:(1)一个元音字母后跟一个或几个辅音字母,必须是重读音节;如:equipped(2)以一个辅音音素结尾;(3)元音字母发短元音】
本文标题:名词代词和动词变形
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