美国文学期末考试——名词解释

1.HemingwayCodeHeroItreferstosomeprotagonistsinHemingway'sworks.InthegeneralsituationofHemingway'snovels,lifeisfulloftensionandbattles;theworldisinchaosandmanisalwaysfightingdesperatelyalosingbattle.Thosewhosurviveandperhapsemergevictoriousintheprocessofseekingtomasterthecodewithasetofprinciplessuchashonor,courage,endurance,wisdom,disciplineanddignityareknownastheHemingwaycode.mancanbephysicallydestroyedbutneverdefeatedspiritually.2.IcebergtheoryofWriting:itrefersawritingstyleofHemingwaythatisthesentencesonlygiveonesmallbitofthemeaning.Therestisimplied.Onemustgoverydeepbeneaththesurfacetounderstandthefullmeaningofhiswriting.3.Imagism:imagismisthedoctrineandpoeticpracticeofasmallbutinfluentialgroupofAmericanandBritishpoetscallingthemselvesimagistsbetween1912and1917.aimingatanewclarityandexactnessintheshortlyricpoem,theimagistscultivatedconcisionanddirectness,buildingtheirshortpoemsaroundsingleimages;theyalsopreferredloosercadencestotraditionalregularrhythms.4.freeverse(自由诗体)withoutafixedbeatorregularrhymescheme.5.LostGeneration：itdefinesasenseofmorallossoraimlessness.TheWWIdestroyedtheinnocentideas,manygoodyoungmenwenttothewaranddied,orreturneddamaged,bothphysicallyandmentally;theirmoralfaithwerenolongervalidtheyarelost.narrowsensemeansagroupofAmericanwriters,includingHemingway,F.S.Fitzgerald,etc.broadsense:theentirepostWWIAmericanyounggeneration.6.TheBeatgeneration:itwasagroupofauthorswhoseliteratureexploredandinfluencedAmericancultureinthepost-WW2era.Thebulkoftheirworkwaspublishedandpopularizedthroughoutthe1950s.Centralelementsof“Beat“culture:rejectionofstandardnarrativevalues,thespiritualquest,explorationofAmericanandEasternreligions,rejectionofmaterialism,explicitportrayalsofthehumancondition,experimentationwithpsychedelicdrugs,andsexualliberation,exploration.7.Modernism现代主义：islooselyasynonymofanythingcontemporary.Strictly,especiallyinliterarycriticism,whichbeganinthelate19thcenturyandthetheoryofpsycho-analysisasitstheoreticalbase.Theypaymoreattentiontothepsychictimethanthechronologicalone.8.Realism:realismisatermappliedtoliterarycompositionthataimsataninterpretationoftheactualitiesofanyaspectoflife,freefromsubjectiveprejudice,idealism,orromanticcolor.9.Naturalism:naturalismisacriticaltermappliedtothemethodofliterarycompositionthataimsatadetached,objectivityinthetreatmentofnaturalman.10.Localcolor:localcolorisatermappliedtoliteraturewhichemphasizesitssetting,beingconcernedwiththecharacterofdistrictorofanera,asmarkedbyitscustoms,dialects,costumes,landscapeorotherpeculiaritiesthathaveescapedstandardizingculturalinfluences.11.Americanromanticism:RomanticismisanartisticandintellectualmovementoriginatinginEuropeinthelate18thcenturyandcharacterizedbyaheightenedinterestinnature,emphasisontheindividual’sexpressionofemotionandimagination,departurefromtheattitudesandformsofclassicism,andrebellionagainstestablishedsocialrulesandconventions.12.TheHarlemRenaissanceThefirstfloweringofAfrican-Americanliterature.ItwastheAfricanAmericanartisticmovementinthe1920sthatcelebratedblacklifeandcultureandHughesisbest-knownforhisworkduringtheHarlemRenaissance.13.Stream-of-ConsciousnessStreamofConsciousness,inliterature,isthetechniquethatrecordsthemultifariousthoughtsandfeelingsofacharacterwithoutregardtologicalargumentornarrativesequence.15.Transcendentalism:InNewEngland,anintellectualmovementknownastranscendentalismdevelopedasanAmericanversionofRomanticism.ThemovementbeganamonganinfluentialsetofauthorsbasedinConcord,MassachusettsandwasledbyRalphWaldoEmerson.LikeRomanticism,transcendentalismrejectedboth18thcenturyrationalismandestablishedreligion,whichforthetranscendentalistsmeantthePuritantraditioninparticular.Thetranscendentalistscelebratedthepowerofthehumanimaginationtocommunewiththeuniverseandtranscendthelimitationsofthematerialworld.Theyfoundtheirchiefsourceofinspirationinnature.Emerson‟sessaynaturewasthemajordocumentofthetranscendentalschoolandstatedtheideasthatweretoremaincentraltoit.16.TheJazzAge(享乐时代)：whenNewOrleansmusiciansmoved“uptheriver”toChicago,andthetheatreofNewYorksHarlempulsedwiththemusicthathadbecomeasymbolofthetimes.FitzgeraldportraystheJazzAgeasagenerationof“thebeautifulanddamned”,drowningintheirpleasures.17.Symbolism:ItisamovementinliteratureandthevisualartsthatoriginatedinFranceinthepoetryofCharlesBaudelaireinthelate19thcentury.Inliterature,symbolismwasanaestheticmovementthatencouragedwriterstoexpresstheirideas,feelings,andvaluesbymeansofsymbolsorsuggestionsratherthanbydirectstatements.HawthorneandMelvillearemastersofsymbolisminAmericainthe19thcentury.18.Darwinism:达尔文主义:anevidentinfluenceonnaturalism,stresstheanimalityofman,tosuggestthatbewasdominatedbytheirresistibleforcesofevolution.19.Psychologicalrealism:Itistherealisticwritingthatprobesdeeplyintothecomplexitiesofcharacters‟thoughtsandmotivation.HenryJames‟novelTheAmbassadorsisconsideredtobeamasterpieceofpsychologicalrealism.20.Puritanism:ThewordisoriginallyusedtorefertothetheoryadvocatedbyapartywithintheChurchofEngland.Itisalsousedtorefertoattitudesand