名词解释

名词解释题2.theDeclarationofIndependenceTheDeclarationofIndependencewasmainlydraftedbyThomasJeffersonandwasadoptedbytheCongressonJuly4,1776,whenthepeopleof13EnglishcoloniesinNorthAmericawerefightingfortheirfreedomandindependencefromtheBritishcolonialrule.Thedocumentdeclaredthatallmenwereequalandthattheywereentitledtohavesomeunalienablerightssuchaslife,libertyandthepursuitofhappiness.Italsoexplainedthephilosophyofgovernments:thepowersofgovernmentscamefromtheconsentofthegovernedandthepurposeofgovernmemtswastosecuretherightsmentionedabove.ThetheoryofpoliticsandtheguidingprinciplesoftheAmericanRevolutionmainlycamefromJohnLocke.3.GgeorgeWashingtonGeorgeWashingtonwasoneofthefoundingfathersoftheAmericanRepublic.HewastheCommander-in-ChiefoftheContinentalArmyintheWarofIndependenceagainsttheBritishcolonialruleandthefirstPresidentoftheUnitedStates.4.ThomasJeffersonThomasJeffersonwasoneofthefoundingfathersoftheAmericanRepublicHewasthechiefauthoroftheDeclarationofIndependenceandthethirdPresidentoftheUnitedStates.5.BenjaminFranklinBenjaminFranklinwasoneofthefoundingfathersoftheAmericanRepublic.HeparticipatedinwritingtheDeclarationofIndependenceandmakingtheU.S.Constitution.6.theArticlesofConfederationAftertheWarofIndependencewaswon,thenewnationoftheUnitedStateswasorganizedundertheagreementoftheArticlesofConfederationwithaweaknationalgovernmentcalledtheCongress.Eachstatehaditsowngovernment,madeitsownlawsandhandleitsinternalaffairs.ThestatesdidnotcooperatewiththeCongressandwitheachother.TheCongresshadnopowertoforceanystatetocontributemoneytothenationalgovernmentandtheCongresscouldnottaxanycitizeneither.Asaressult,theArticlesofConfederationfailed.7.theBillofRightsTheBillofRightsconsssistsofthefirst10amendmentswhichwereaddedtotheConstitutionin1791.TheBillofRightswaspassedtoguaranteefreedomandindividualrightssuchasfreedomofspeech,therighttoassembleinpublicplaces,therighttoownweaponsandsoon.8.EliWhitneyEliWhitneyisanAmericaninventorwhoinventedthecottongin,whichmaderemovingtheseedsfromthebollsofcottonmucheasier.Healsobeganmanufacuringrifleswithmachinery,usinginterchanageablepart.ThiscontributedtotheAmericansystemofmassproduction.9.serviceindustriesServiceindustriesareindustriesthatsellaserviceratherthanmakeaproduct.Serviceindustriesrangefrombankingtotelecommunicationstotheprovisionofmealsinrestaurants.AasmoreandmorepeopleareemployediinserviceindustriesintheUS,itissometimedsaidthattheUShasmovedintoa“post-industrialera“.10.stockWhenstartingorexpandingbusiness,corporationsneedtoborrowmoney.Theymayissuestocksforpeopletobuy.Whenpeoplebuystock,theybecomepartownerofthecompany.Ifthecompanymakesaprofit,theyreceiveashareofit.Likewise,ifthecompanylosesmoney,thestockholderswillnotmakeaprofitorthevalueoftheirshareswilldrop---theylosemoney.Thereforebuyingstockisarisk.11.MattinLutherLing,JrMartinLutherKing,Jr.,anAtlanta-bornBaptistminister,wastheleaderoftheSouthernChristianLeadershipConferenceduringthecivilrightsmovementofthe1960s.Topromotehisphilosophyofnonviolentprotestagainstsegregationandotherkinddsofsocialinjustice,Kingorganizedaseriesof“marches”.Kingdeliveredhisfamous“IHaveaDream”speech.Duetohisstrongbeliefinnonviolentpeacefulprotest,KingwasawardedtheNobelPeacePrizein1964.HewasassassinatedinthecityofMemphisinApril1968.12.CountercultureInthewakeoftheFreeSpeechMovementandtheNewLeftappearedaphenomenonthathistorianscalledthe“counterculture.”TheCounterCulturerejectedcapitalismanddotherAmericanprinciples.Theyhadmoralsdifferentfromthosetaughtbytheirparents.Somegroupsofyouthtriedtoconstructdifferentwaysoflife.Thecountercultureexertedagreatinfluenceuponpeople’sattitudestowardsocialmores,marriage,career,andsuccess.13.Now:WiththepublicationofTheFeminineMystiquein1963,BettyFriedanbecamethechiefspokespersonoftheWomen’sLiberationMovement.Inherbook,shecomparedtheAmericanfamily,ortheAmericansocietyasawhole,toa“comfortableconcentrationcamp”,wherewomenwerediscriminatedagainstandoppressed.In1996,shehelpedtofoundthenationalOrganizationforWomen(NOW).Areformorganization,NOWbattlefor“equalrightsinparnershipwithmen.14.white-collarcrimesWhite-collarcrimesarethosecommittedbyhigherincomegroupssuchasthecrimesoffraud,falseadvertising,corporatepricefixing,bribery,embezzlement,industrialpollution,taxevasionandsoon.YetthestatisticsprovidedbytheFBItendtooverrlookwhite-collarcrimes.Infact,white-collarcrimesareoftenignoredbylawenforcementagencies.Somesociologistsaarguethatthehigherclassesmayactuallyhaveahigherrateofcrimethanthelowerclasses.15.theabuseofpowerbygovernmentPeoplebelievethatpublicorganizationsintheUnitedStatessometimesworkinconcerttoadvancetheirowninterestsratherthanthoseofthepeople.GovernmentinAmericaiswidelydistrustedforthelackofanswerability.AmericanswereconvincedthattheJohnsonandNixonadministrationsweredeliberatelyandsystematicallylyingtothepeopleinthewaragainstVietnamandintheWatergatescandal.TheFBIandtheCIAareresponsibleforthousandsofillegalacts.Alltheseactsshowtheabuseofpowerbygovernment.16.RichardNixonRichardBuxibwastheformerPresidentoftheUnitedstates…Iinthe