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Tom:1414117100Cry:141411610314级动科三班Mainelements:carbon,hydrogen,oxygen,nitrogen,sulfurandphosphorusinmost,afewiron,copperandiodineetc..Typicalproteincomposition(%)C53%;H7%;O23%;N16%;S+P1%。Determinationofanimaltissueandfeedproteinnitrogencontentisdifficult,usuallyonlythedeterminationoftotalnitrogencontent,andexpressedincrudeprotein.主要元素:碳、氢、氧、氮,大多数还含硫,少数含磷、铁、铜和碘等。典型的蛋白质元素组成(%)C53%;H7%;O23%;N16%;S+P1%。Crudeprotein:allnitrogenouscompoundsinthefeed.Trueprotein+NPN.NPNalsoincludesfreeaminoacids,peptides,nitrates,ammoniumsalts(suchasammoniumsulfate),amide,alkaloids,organicbase,nitrogenglycosides,ammonia,urea,uricacid,etc..Realproteininadditiontocontainingcarbon,hydrogen,oxygenelements,butalsocontainsnitrogen,andsomeproteinalsocontainssulfur,phosphorus,iron,copperandotherelements.粗蛋白质:饲料中所有含氮化合物的总称。包括真蛋白+NPN。NPN又包括游离氨基酸、肽、硝酸盐、铵盐(如硫酸铵)、酰胺、生物碱、有机碱、含氮糖苷、氨、尿素、尿酸等。真蛋白除含有碳、氢、氧元素外,还含有氮元素,有的蛋白质还含有硫、磷、铁、铜等元素.二、化合物组成单位(Compoundcompositionunit)Aminoacidsinorganismsfoundtherearemorethan180kindsofcommonaminoacids,buttheanimalandplantbodyproteinonlyabout20.Plantaminoacidsynthesisalltheirneeds,althoughtheanimalproteinandplantproteinalsocontainsaminoacid,butnotalloftheirsyntheticanimal.生物体内发现的氨基酸有180多种,但常见的构成动植物体蛋白质的氨基酸只有20种左右。植物能合成自己全部需要的氨基酸,动物蛋白质虽然含有与植物蛋白质同样的氨基酸,但动物不能全部自己合成.。丙氨酸(Ala),精氨酸(Arg),天门冬氨酸(Asp),半胱氨酸(Cysteine),胱氨酸(Cys),谷氨酸(Glu),甘氨酸(Gly),组氨酸(His),异亮氨酸(Ile),亮氨酸(Leu),赖氨酸(Lys),蛋氨酸(Met),苯丙氨酸(Phe),脯氨酸(Pro),丝氨酸(Ser),苏氨酸(Thr),色氨酸(Trp),酪氨酸(Tyr),颉氨酸(Val)。1.机体和畜产品的重要组成部分Isinadditiontowater,themostcontentofnutrients,accountingfor50%ofdrymatter,accountingfor80%ofnonfatsolids是除水外,含量最多的养分,占干物质的50%,占无脂固形物的80%Proteinisalsothemaincomponentsofmilk,eggs,hair.蛋白质也是乳、蛋、毛的主要组成成分除反刍动物外,食物蛋白质几乎是唯一可用以形成动物体蛋白质的氮来源。Inadditiontotheoutsideoftheanimal,thefoodproteinisalmosttheonlynitrogensourcethatcanbeusedtoformtheproteinoftheanimalbody.2.机体更新的必需养分Animalbodyproteinabout0.25-0.3%updateeveryday,about6-12monthsallupdated.动物体蛋白质每天约0.25-0.3%更新,约6-12月全部更新。3.生命活动的体现者,参与新陈代谢(theembodimentoflifeactivities,participateinthemetabolism)肌肉蛋白质-----肌肉收缩;血红蛋白、肌红蛋白-----运输氧;酶、激素-----代谢调节;免疫球蛋白-----抵抗疾病;运输蛋白(载体)-----脂蛋白、钙结合蛋白、内因子等;核蛋白-----遗传信息的传递、表达。Muscleprotein--musclecontraction;hemoglobin,myoglobin--oxygentransport;enzymes,hormones,metabolicregulation;immuneglobulin--resistancetodisease;transportprotein(carrier)--lipidprotein,calciumbindingprotein,factor;nuclearprotein--geneticinformationdeliveryandexpression.机体能量供应不足;蛋白质过多或氨基酸不平衡时;鱼等水生动物在正常情况下利用蛋白质供能。Lackofenergysupply,excessiveproteinoraminoacidimbalance;fishandotheraquaticanimalsinthenormalcircumstancesoftheuseofproteinforenergy.1.饲粮中最重要的养分---其独特作用不能被其他养分代替,在幼龄动物,需要量最大。2.最昂贵的饲料养分(有时与能量相等,或略低)Themostimportantnutrientsinthedietof1ofitsuniquerolecannotbereplacedinothernutrients,younganimal,needthemaximumamount.themostexpensivefeednutrient(sometimesequaltotheenergy,orslightlylower)3.lackofproteinresources,thenutritionalvalueofgreatvariation.蛋白质资源缺乏,营养价值变异很大。4.proteinnutritionresearchhasbeenahotresearchareainthefieldofanimalnutrition.Proteinnutritionalvalueassessment,idealprotein,proteinrequirement,improvedietaryproteinutilization,discoverorcreateanewproteinresourceetc.蛋白质营养的研究一直是动物营养领域的热点或前沿研究领域。蛋白质营养价值的评定、理想蛋白质、蛋白质需要量、提高饲粮蛋白质利用率、发掘或制造新的蛋白质资源等。主要症状食欲不振、采食量下降、厌食,此又导致能量摄入不足,伴随能量缺乏。Lossofappetite,decreasedfeedintake,anorexia,andthisleadstoinsufficientenergyintake,accompaniedbyalackofenergy生长不良、氮沉积下降、血液蛋白质浓度下降、贫血、脂肪肝、不育、出生重下降、初生死亡率高、产奶量下降、产蛋率下降、某些激素和酶合成受影响。Adeclineingrowth,nitrogendeposition,bloodproteinconcentrationdecreased,anemia,fattyliver,infertility,birthweightloss,highneonatalmortality,decreasedmilkproduction,layingratedrop,certainhormonesandenzymestosynthesizeaffected.其他症状蛋白质的缺乏伴随某种特定氨基酸的缺乏,可能产生特异性缺乏症。蛋白质的亚临床症状普遍,但难判断。蛋白质缺乏的受害动物:幼龄动物、高产动物Lackofaspecificaminoacidthatisassociatedwithalackofspecificaminoacids.Proteinsubclinicalsymptomsarecommon,butdifficulttojudge.Proteindeficiencyaffectedanimal:younganimal,animalproduction特点:不容易发生症状:当蛋白质的品质较好,而且特定氨基酸不过量时,未见典型症状。但过多氨基酸发生脱氨,增加肝脏和肾脏的负担,引起体增热增加,加重热应激。特定氨基酸过量,产生特定症状。Features:itisnoteasytohappenSymptoms:whentheprotein'squalityisgood,andthespecificaminoacidisnotexcessive,thereisnotypicalsymptoms.However,excessiveaminoacidoccurs,increasingtheburdenoftheliverandkidney,causingthebodytoincreaseheat,increasingheatstress.Specificaminoacidexcess,resultinginspecificsymptoms.1.动物因素animalfactors2.饲粮因素Effectsofdietaryfactors3.热损害heatdamage4.影响微生物生长的因子factorsaffectingmicrobialgrowth动物种类:不同种类动物各自消化生理特点不同;年龄:不同年龄动物消化道功能完善程度不同。例如:仔猪胃内盐酸、胃蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶的分泌在2~3月龄才能达到成年猪的水平。Animalspecies:differentkindsanimaldigestivephysiologicalcharacteristicsofdifferent;Age:differentageanimalgastrointestinalfunctionallevel.Forexample:pigletstomachthesecretionofhydrochloricacid,pepsinandtrypsinin2~3monthstoreachintothelevelofswine.(1)纤维水平:纤维物质对饲粮蛋白质的消化、吸收都有阻碍作用,随着纤维水平的增加,蛋白质在消化道中的排空速度也增加,因而降低了其被酶作用的时间以及被肠道吸收的几率。(1)fiberlevel:fibermaterialontheproteindigestionandabsorptionoffoodshaseffect,withtheincreaseoffiberlevel,proteininthedigestivetractof
本文标题:动物营养学外教
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