句法基础知识

句法基础知识一、简单句只含一个主谓结构的句子叫简单句。简单句一般可分为五种基本句型。1.主+系+表（S+Linkverb+C）表语类型例句名词Sheturnedalawyer.她当了律师。代词---Whoisit?你是谁？---It’sme.是我。数词Hewillbe16nextyear.他明年满十六岁了。形容词Itisgettingcolder.天气渐渐冷起来。副词Heisupandabout.他能起来活动了。非谓语动词（短语）Toseeistobelieve.=Seeingisbelieving.眼见为实。介词短语Itappearsofnovalue.它似乎没价值。从句Hishairlookedasifithadbeenelectrified.他的头发看起来像触了电似的。Hercrysoundedthatshewasingreatdanger.从她的喊声听起来好像她处于险境之中。2.主+不及物动词（S+Vi）Thephonerings.电话响了。Therainstopped.雨停了。注意：表示“时间、距离、程度”的名词（短语）作状语，不要误当成宾语。如：We’veworkedfivehours.我们已工作了五小时。Theyhavecomealongway.他们从大老远来。Thetemperaturefellseveraldegrees.气温降了几度。3、主+及物动词+宾（S+Vt+O）WestudyEnglish.我们学英语。Thechildrenareplayingcards.孩子们在打牌。Thepolicestoppedthecar.警方拦截了这辆车。4、主+及物动词+间宾+直宾（S+Vt+IO+DO）Myparentsboughtmeanewcoat.我父母给我买了件新外衣。Igavehimsomemoney.我给了他一些钱。Heaskedmeaquestion.他问了我一个问题。注意：当直接宾语和间接宾语的位置倒置时，它们之间要加入适当的介词来连接。依据动词的不同，介词可能是to、for、of等。如上述例句可分别改写为：Myparentsboughtanewcoatforme.Igavesomemoneytohim.Heaskedaquestionofme.5、主+及物动词+宾+宾补（S+Vt+O+C）Ithinkthejobeasy.我认为这个工作容易。Weelectedhimourmonitor.我们选他当班长。Isawhimgoout.我看到他出去了。注意：①宾语过长或需要强调宾补时，可将宾语置于宾补后。如：Shekeptopenthewindowswhichwerenewlypainted.她让刚漆过的窗户敞开着。②当宾语是不定式、动名词或从句时，常用it作形式宾语。把真正的宾语置于宾补后。如：MaxfounditimportanttostudythesituationinRussia.马克思发现研究俄国形式很重要。Imustmakeitclearthateveryonemustobeytheruleshere.我必须澄清：人人务必守这儿的规矩。二、并列句由两个或更多互不依从的主谓结构构成的简单句用“并列连词”或“连接副词”连在一起叫并列句。其中的每一个简单句称为“并列分句”。并列分句间主要有以下几种关系：关系连接词例句联合andnotonly…,but(also)…neither…,nor…nor1.Ioftenhelphimandheoftenhelpsme.2.Notonlydidhelikeit,buthiswife(also)wassatisfied.3.Johndoesn’tsmoke,(and)nordoeshiswife.转折butwhile(而)when(那时)howeveryetstill1.It’snotcheap,butit’sverygood.2.Sheisweakwhilehersonisstrong..3.Itisstrange,yetitistrue.4.Hehastreatedyoubadly；still,he’syourbrotherandyououghttohelphim.因果andandsosoforthereforethusthen1.Hecoughedbadlyandsohewenttothedoctor’s.2.I’llnotdothat,foritwouldbeofnouse.3.Shestudiedhard,thusshepassedtheexam.选择ororelseeither…or…otherwise1.Youcanboilanegg,oryoucanmakesomesandwiches.2.Eitheryouaremad,orIam.3.Workharder,otherwise,you’llfail.三、复合句包含有两个（或更多）的主谓结构，其中的一个（或更多的）主谓结构充当句子的某一（些）成分，这样的句子就叫复合句。充当句子成分的主谓结构称为从句。从句分为名词性从句（含主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句）、状语从句（副词性从句）、定语从句（形容词性从句）。如：1.ThatmostofthesearenowthreatenedandmaydisappearisaseriousmattertothepeopleinBritain.(主语从句)2.Theyrealisethatitisofgreatvaluetorecordandteachthemtotheyoungergeneration.(宾语从句)3.SomepeoplefeelthatWalesisanancientfairyland.(表语从句)4.ThefactthatGreatBritainismadeupofthreecountriesisstillunknowntomany.(同位语从句)5.I’lltellhimwhenhecomesback.(时间状语从句)6.Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.(地点状语从句)7.Sincenooneisagainstit,let’scarryouttheplan.(原因状语从句)8.Hesenttheletterbyairmailinorderthatitmightreachthemingoodtime.（目的状语从句）9.Itwassuchagoodday(Itwassogoodaday)thatweallwentswimming.(结果状语从句)10.Hedidn’tstopworkingthoughhewasill.（让步状语从句）11.Youwillfailunlessyoustudyhard.（条件状语从句）12.Theyaretalkingasiftheyhadseenaghost.(方式状语从句)13.Hedoesn’trunasfastasJack(does).(比较状语从句)14.Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.(限制性定语从句)15.IspentawholeafternoonwithJohn,whowasveryfriendlyandhelpful.(非限制性定语从句)四、名词性从句在复合句中起名词作用的各种从句统称为名词性从句。根据所起作用的不同，名词性从句可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句四种类型。引导名词性从句的词分为连接词、连接代词、连接副词三种。1.主语从句Whoevermakesmistakesmustcorrectthem.Wherewewillgohasn’tbeendecidedyet.连词分类词语意义从句中所作成分连接词that无意义不作任何成分if/whether是否不作任何成分连接代词who(ever)(无论)谁主语、表语whom(ever)(无论)谁宾语whose(ever)(无论)谁的主语、宾语、表语、定语which(ever)(无论)那个（些）主语、宾语、表语、定语what(ever)(无论)什么主语、宾语、表语、定语连接副词when什么时间状语where什么地方状语how怎样、如何状语why为什么状语Thatlighttravelsinstraightlinesisknowntoall.→Itknowntoallthatlighttravelsinstraightlines.that引导的主语从句常用it作形式主语。主要有以下四种句型：（1）it+be+名词+that从句，如：Itisapitythatshedidn’tcometotheparty.Itis(high)timethatwegotdowntowork.ItisthefirsttimethatIhavecometoBeijing.用于此句型的名词有：pity,time,shame,wonder,fact,news,honour,question,duty,responsibility等。（2）it+be+形容词+that从句，如：Itiscertainthathewillpassthefinalexamination.Itisnecessarythatwe(should)haveagoodknowledgeofbasicEnglish.用于此句型的形容词有：certain,uncertain,sure,doubtful,clear,better,important,possible,likely,natural,necessary等。（3）it+be+过去分词+that从句,如：Itisreportedthatanotherearthsatellitehasbeenputintoorbit.Itissaidthatheisveryrich.用于此句型的过去分词有：said,believed,reported,known,suggested,thought等。（4）it+不及物动词+that从句，如：Itseemsthathehasknownthesecret.IthappenedthatIhadnomoneywithme.用于此句型的不及物动词有seem,happen,appear,turnout,doesn’t/didn’tmatter等。2.宾语从句Hesaid(that)hewasgoingtostudyinCanada.Idon’tknowwhereIcangettheticket.Sheaskedwhetheryouhadreceivedherletter.Hemadeitclearthathedidn’tlikethejob.3.表语从句Thefactisthatwehavelostthegame.Thereasonwhyhewaslatewasthathemissedthebus.Theimportantthingiswhatamandoes,notwhathesays.asif,because,as有时也可引导表语从句，如：Thingswerenotastheyseemedtobe.Itlooksasifitisgoingtorain.Itisbecausehedoesn’tknowher.4.同位语从句Theideathatcomputerscanrecognisehumanvoicessurprisesmanypeople.Thenewsthatwewonthegameisexciting.Thereisafeelinginmethatwe’llneverknowwhataUFOis---notever.ThestorygoesthatWilliamTelerkilledthetyrantwithanarrow.Theyhadnoideaatallwherehehadgone.同位语从句用来对前面的名词进行解释、说明。这类名词主要有news,fact,idea,hope,wish,promise,reason,doubt,beli