农业系统

AgriculturalSystem農業系統SpatialPatternsinAgriculturalLandscapes農業景觀的空間模式傳統的理論︰范杜能模式1.Assumptions假設2.Somebasicconcepts基本概念3.VonThunen’slandrentmodel地租模式4.Assessment:weaknessesandmerits分析︰缺點及優點5.Casestudies個案研究(1783-1850)AssumptionsofVonThunen’sModel范杜能模式的假設•Anisolatedstateandanisotropicsurface孤立國和均質平原•Allpricesaresetinthesinglecentralmarket所有價錢都訂於唯一的中心市場•Uniformtransportationandtransportcosts統一的運輸方法和運輸費•Farmersarerationaleconomicmen農民為理性的經濟人Anisolatedstateandanisotropicsurface孤立國和均質平原•Self-sufficientcommunity自給自足的社區•Homogeneous/uniformphysicalconditions一致的自然條件•∴productioncostsperhectarewerethesame均地的生產成本都為一致Allpricesaresetinthesinglecentralmarket所有價錢都訂於唯一的中心市場•Allproductsaresoldatthesamemarketprice所有貨物均以一致的售價出售埋黎睇埋黎揀啦﹗﹗Uniformtransportationandtransportcosts統一的運輸方法和運輸費•Onlyonemodeoftransportation-horse-drawncart單一運輸方法—馬拉木頭車•Transportcostswereuniforminanydirection運輸成本在任何地方均一致i.e.proportionaltodistanceatthesamerate與距離以相同比例成正比DistancefrommarketTotaltransportcostFarmersarerationaleconomicmen農民為理性的經濟人•Economicmen/profitmaximizers經濟人/利潤最大者•havingperfectinformationonmarketingandproduction對市場及生產有絕對的資訊Somebasicconcepts基本概念•EconomicRent/LocationalRent經濟地租/區位地租•Distance-decayMechanism距離遞減機制EconomicRent/LocationalRent經濟地租/區位地租•經濟地租=P-(C+T)P=市場價格C=生產成本T=運輸費用CropMPCTrCYieldECatvariousdistancefromthemarket0km5kmA60303.0010B45251.0020C24100.408D1550.205CropMPCTrCYieldECatvariousdistancefromthemarket0km5kmA60303.0010300150B45251.0020400300C24100.40811296D1550.2055045MarginofTransference轉移邊際若在同一地方考慮設立多於一種的農業活動，轉移邊際就是一農業活動取代另一活動的地點。呢邊我咕喎，唔好過界﹗‥‥‥TwoTheoriesSuggested兩個提出了的理論•Theintensitytheory集約度定理•Thecroptheory作物定理每一單位面積的勞工投入•↓distancefromthemarket,↑intensity•↑distancefromthemarket,↓intensityDistancefrommarket市場距離Intensity集約度Distancefrommarket市場距離Intensity集約度↓distancefromthemarket,↑ER↑distancefromthemarket,↓ERUneconomicaltoinvestadditionalcoststoraisetheintensivenessofproductioninmoredistantlocations在較遠的距離增加成本以令集約度上升，這是很不化算的Moretoknow:SlopeofLocationalRentCurves知多一點點︰區位地租線的坡度Distancefrommarket市場距離Locationalrent區位地租Intensive集約Extensive粗放•↓distance距離fromthemarket,↑intensity集約度•↑distance距離fromthemarket,↓intensity集約度農夫距離集約度生產成本收成運輸成本總成本總收入區位地租大明1集約20008080208044002320粗放10005050105027501700小明30集約2000802400440044000粗放100050150025002750250TwoTheoriesSuggested兩個提出了的理論•Theintensitytheory集約度定理•Thecroptheory作物定理foranylocation,cropswiththehighesteconomicrentwillbegrown.無論在哪個區位，我們都會選擇耕種擁有最高經濟地租的作物TheCropTheory作物定理埋黎睇埋黎揀啦﹗﹗213456Zone1:MarketGardeningandDairying一區︰園藝式農業及酪農業•Vegetablesandfreshmilk蔬菜及鮮奶•Perishable易腐•Freshproducewerehighlydemanded新鮮農產品的需求很高•Priceswerehigh價格高昂Zone2:Firewood/forestry二區︰木材區•Greatdemandatthattime當時的需求很高•Bulky,hightransportcostifitwaslocatedfaraway由於木材龐大笨重，若設於遠離中心的距離，運輸費用會變得很高Zone3-5:cerealsgrowingwithdifferentintensities三-五區︰不同集約程度的穀物種植•Rye,maize,barley,wheat,etc黑麥、玉米、大麥、小麥等等Zone3:6-yearcroprotationwithoutfallow三區︰六年輪作(不含休耕)Rye黑麥Potato薯仔Barley大麥Rye黑麥Clover苜蓿Vetch豌豆Vetch豌豆Rye黑麥Potato薯仔Barley大麥Rye黑麥Clover苜蓿Clover苜蓿Vetch豌豆Rye黑麥Potato薯仔Barley大麥Rye黑麥Zone4:7-yearcroprotationwithfallow四區︰七年輪作(含休耕)Pasture牧草Barley大麥Pasture牧草Oats燕麥Pasture牧草Rye黑麥Fallow休耕Fallow休耕Pasture牧草Barley大麥Pasture牧草Oats燕麥Pasture牧草Rye黑麥Rye黑麥Fallow休耕Pasture牧草Barley大麥Pasture牧草Oats燕麥Pasture牧草Zone5:3-fieldsystem五區︰三區農業系統Pasture牧草Cereals穀物Fallow休耕Fallow休耕Pasture牧草Cereals穀物Cereals穀物Fallow休耕Pasture牧草Zone6:Extensivelivestockfarming六區︰粗放式畜牧業213456我夠知啦﹗(德語)ModificationsbyVonThunen由范杜能所作的變化1.Additionofanavigableriver可供航行的河流2.Smalltownasacompetingmarketcentre競爭性的市場中心3.Improvedtransportroutes改善了的運輸路徑4.Differentlandqualities不同的土地質素5.Farmers’behaviour農民行為Additionofanavigableriver可供航行的河流•Cheapertransportroute較相宜的運輸渠道•-90%•Eachzoneofproductionbecameelongatedinthedirectionroughlyparalleltotheriver.農業分區會因而伸延，並與河流呈平行狀。Smalltownasacompetingmarketcentre競爭性的市場中心•Thesmalltownwouldhaditsownlandusezones小型市鎮會擁有獨立的土地分區•Thescalewassmaller規模會較小•Theconcentriczonelookmorecomplex同心圓分區會變得更為複雜Improvedtransportroutes改善了的運輸路徑•Theinfluenceissimilartothe‘first’one•e.g.railway,river如鐵路、河流Differentlandqualities不同的土地質素•Districtwithlowproductioncostsorhighproductivityexpandsinsizeattheexpenseoftheother.擁有低生產成本或高生產力的農業活動會比其他的面積為大•Areaswithinfertilesoilorhillyterrainfavourextensivecultivationattheexpenseofintensiveone.一些土壤貧瘠，或山地地形的農田，較適合作粗放成農業活動•Labourcost,socialservices,etc.勞工成本、社會服務等等Farmers’behaviour農民行為•Managementabilities管理能力•Amountofknowledge知識•Preferences喜好•Speculation投機Influenceofchangesonlandusepattern變化對土地利用模式的影響•EconomicRent=P-(C+T)•Marketprice市場價格•Productioncosts生產成本•Transportcosts運輸成本Increaseinmarketprice市場價格上升Distancefrommarket市場距離$Decreaseinproductioncost生產成本下降Distancefrommarket市場距離$Adecreaseintransportcost運輸成本下降Distancefrommarket市場距離$