PI-MAXICCDsystemsShanghai,June11,2007PI•MAXProducts•ReviewofICCDprinciplesofoperation•Configurations•CompetitiveAdvantages•CommonApplications•Photocathode–absorbsafraction(QE)ofincomingphotonsandconvertsthemintoelectrons•MicroChannelPlate(MCP)–multiplieselectrons:gain•PhosphorScreen–reconvertselectronsintophotons–focusedontheCCDPrincipleofOperationCCDPhotocathode(PC)•Photocathodeconvertsphotonsintoelectronsbyphotoelectriceffect–QEisimportantforgoodsignal-to-noiseratio•Bi-alkaliandMulti-alkaliphotocathodesmanycompositionstailoredforQEandresolution–Materials•S20,S25(GenII)•BlueenhancedS20,25•GaAs(GenIII)•SolarblindQE(ofPhotocathode)MicrochannelPlate(MCP)•Aporousglasssubstratewithsecondarye-emitterontheinnerwallsofthepore–typically6-mmto12-mmdiameterpores–gaincanbecontrolledbythevoltageacrosstheMCPSEMimageofMCPPhosphorScreen•ReconvertsamplifiedelectronsintophotonsthatwillbedetectedbyCCD•Hasaconstantvoltageof5kV-8kVtoacceleratetheelectrons•Materials–P43(Gd2O2S:Tb)•3msdecaytimewithexcellentresolution–P46(Y3Al5O12:Ce)•2μsdecaytimebutlessresolution–P47(Y2SiO5:Ce)•200nsdecaytime•Forhighrepetitionrateexperiments(kHzorgreater)P46isoptimal;otherwiseP43IntensifierCouplingMethods•Fiber-optic–Highthroughput(60%)–Permanentlybonded•Lens–Lowthroughput(5-10%)EquivalentBackgroundIntensity(EBI)•Quantifiesthermallygeneratede-fromphotocathode–Detrimentalforlongintegrationtimes(tensofseconds)–Specifiedinμlx•typicalspecification•0.01μlx=0.02photons/pixel/sec–NotimportantforgatedexperimentsGatingSpeed•Howfasttheintensifier(PCvoltage)canbeswitchedonandoff–specifiedinnsFWHM(fullwidthathalfmaximum)•GENII–forfastgating,Niundercoatingisusedtoreducetheresistance;leadstoreducedQE–2nswithNi;20nsw/oNi•GENIII–5ns•GenIIIFilmless–2ns(usessamevoltagerangesasGenII)On/Offratio•GoodOn/Offratioisimportantforefficientbackgroundrejection•Typically107:1invisibleregion•However,intheUV,energeticphotonspassthroughthePCandgeneratespuriouse-atthefaceofMCP,whicharemultiplied;thisleadstoreducedOn/Offratio(105:1)MCPBracketPulsing•GENIIFastGateintensifiers•TechniquetogateMCPOn/OffaroundthetimeofPCgating•EnablesfastgatingwithbetterUVrejectionPhotocathode(200V)OFFMCP(500-1000V)MCPBracketPulsingAndor’sresponseto“BracketPulsing”•IntelliGate–OpenstheMCPsimultaneouslywithPhotocathodeLet’sthinkaboutit!Photocathode(200V)OFFMCP(500-1000V)Electronictheorypredictsitmaynotbe“simultaneous”(differentcapacitances&voltages)Gainwillneverbestable/repeatableWegive500nsectobeabsolutelysurethattheMCPisON,whenthePCisgatedMCPGating(MGTechnology)•GENIISlowGateintensifiers•GatingonMCP(asopposedtoPC)•DifferentfromMCPbracketpulsing–PC“brackets”theMCPpulse•Canachievegatewidths9ns•TakesadvantageofhigherQESuperBluetubesIntegratedPTG•Easysetup•Complexgatesequencesarecarriedoutmostefficientlyandprecisely–accumulations–lessnumberoflaserpulsesarewasted–anticipator•Unmatchedflexibility•NoadditionalPCIcardsorboxesrequiredforthetiminggenerator•Canbeamasterclock(0.1Hz–1MHz)orbeslaved•LowInsertiondelay(55nsincludingcabledelay)•CalibratedforeachcameradeliversprecisetimingInsertionDelay05010055(Totalsystemw/PTG)TriggerINSystemReadynsecDetectedFluorescenceNotDetected120+(DG535)PTGSoftwarecontrolPI-MAXmodelsPI-MAX&PI-MAX2FeaturePI-MAXPI-MAX2ReadoutSpeed1MHz/100kHz5MHz/1MHzCCDssupported512,1K,1024x256512,1003(1Kx1K)Max.Framerate~3.5fps(512or1024x256)~17fps(512x512)GatingSpeedSameSameUSBinterfaceAvailableNoDoubleexposureNoYes(1003)CompetitionYesNoPI•MAX2:1003ProductFamily•16bitdualA/D(5MHzand1MHz)•KodakKAI1003M–1024x1024pixels(12.8μm)–4μsecverticalshiftrate–DoubleexposurecapabilityPI•MAX2:512ProductFamily•16bitdualA/D(5MHzand1MHz)•Thomson7895–512x512pixels(19μm)–1.6μsecverticalshiftratePI•MAX:512ProductFamily•16bitdualA/D(1MHzand100kHz)•Thomson7895–512x512pixels(19μm)–1.6μsecverticalshiftratePI•MAX:1024ProductFamily•16bitdualA/D(1MHzand100kHz)•E2V30-11–1024x256pixels(26μm)–15μsecverticalshiftratePI•MAX:1KProductFamily•16bitdualA/D(1MHzand100kHz)•E2V47-10–1024x1024pixels(13μm)–30μsecverticalshiftratePI•MAX:1300ProductFamily•16bitdualA/D(1MHzand100kHz)•E2V36-40–1340x1300pixels(20μm)–30μsecverticalshiftratePI•MAX:1KPI•MAX2:1003Resolution•13μmand12.8μmpixelstakeadvantageofhigh-resolutionintensifiers•Standardtubes:–High-resolutionGenII(45lp/mm)–GenIIItubes(64lp/mm)•Specialtubesavailable:–High-definitionGenII(54lp/mm)–PinnacleGenIII(72lp/mm)GenIIResolutionComparisonPI-MAXResolution0500100015002000250030003500400045005000300302304306308310312314316318320WavelengthNormalizedIntensity(arb.units)512RB1KRB1024RB1003RB10pixelspeaktopeak18pixelspeaktopeak19pixelspeaktopeak11pixelspeaktopeakWhyPI•MAX??•Superiorgatingperformance•Selectionofintensifiers•Softwarecontrol–Gain–Shuttermode,Gatemode,Safemode–PTGoperation•CompleteintegratedICCDsolutionfortimeresolvedimaging•Proprietarygating(MG)techniquetoprovidehighQE–25%(SB)with9nsgatewidth.WhyPI•MAX??•ProgrammabletiminggeneratorforalltheCCDs•Verticalshifttime(1.6μs,Thomson512)forfastkinetics•Fastoptionforsingle(burst)ormulti-triggertimeresolvedmeasurements•8TTLin
本文标题:ICCD
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