语用学级期末复习思考题

I.PutthefollowingEnglishtermsintoChinese.(1'×10＝10')所指对象referent所指论Referentialtheory专有名词propername普通名词commonnouns固定的指称记号rigiddesignators指称词语deixicalitems确定性描述语definitedescriptions编码时间coding-time变异性variability表示反复的词语iterative表述句constative补救策略redressivestrategies不可分离性non-detachability不确定性indeterminacy不使用补救策略，赤裸裸地公开施行面子威胁行baldonrecordwithoutredressiveactions阐述类言语行为representatives承诺类言语行为commissives指令类言语行为directives表达类言语行为expressives,宣告类言语行为declarations诚意条件sinceritycondition次要言外行为secondaryillocutionaryact等级含义scalarimplicature等级划分法ratingscales副语言特征paralinguisticfeatures非公开施行面子威胁行为offrecord非规约性non-conventionality非规约性意义non-conventionalimplicature非论证性的non-demonstrative非自然意义non-naturalmeaning(meaning-nn)否定测试法negationtest符号学semiotics构成性规则constitutiverules古典格莱斯会话含义理论ClassicalGriceantheoryofconversationalimplicature关联论RelevanceTheory关联原则PrincipleofRelevance归属性用法attributiveuse规约性含义conventionalimplicature人际修辞interpersonalrhetoric篇章修辞textualrhetoric含蓄动词implicativeverbs合适条件felicityconditions呼语vocatives互相显映mutuallymanifest会话含义conversationalimplicature话语层次策略utterance-levelstrategy积极面子positiveface间接言语行为indirectspeechacts间接指令indirectdirectives结语upshots交际意图communicativeintention可撤销性cancellability可废弃性defeasibility可推导性calculability跨文化语用失误cross-culturalpragmaticfailure跨文化语用学cross-culturalpragmatics命题内容条件propositionalcontentcondition面子保全论Face-savingTheory面子论FaceTheory面子威胁行为FaceThreateningActs(FTAs)蔑视flouting明示ostensive明示－推理模式ostensive-inferentialmodel摹状词理论Descriptions粘合程度scaleofcohesion篇章指示discoursedeixis前提presupposition前提语presuppositiontrigger强加的绝对级别absoluterankingofimposition确定谈话目的establishingthepurposeoftheinteraction确定言语事件的性质establishingthenatureofthespeechevent确定性描述语definitedescriptions认知语用学cognitivepragmatics上下文co-text社会语用迁移sociopragmatictransfer社交语用失误sociopragmaticfailure施为句performative省力原则theprincipleofleasteffort实情动词factiveverbs适从向directionoffit手势型用法gesturalusage首要言外行为primaryillocutionaryact双重或数重语义模糊pragmaticbivalence/plurivalence顺应的动态性dynamicsofadaptability顺应性adaptability语境关系的顺应(contextualcorrelatesofadaptability)、语言结构的顺应(structuralobjectsofadaptability)、顺应的动态性(dynamicsofadaptability)和顺应过程的意识程度(salienceoftheadaptationprocesses)。说话人经济原则speaker’seconomy损－惠等级cost-benefitscale所表达的心理状态expressedpsychologicalstate所指reference所指对象referent特殊性会话含义particularizedconversationalimplicature条件性的双重言外行为conditionalbivalentillocutionaryact调节性规则regulativerules投射问题projectionproblem推理论inferencetheory推理模式inferentialmodel文学语用学literarypragmatics问卷调查questionnaire习语论idiomtheory显性施为句explicitperformatives显映manifest限定语篇长度策略space-makingstrategies相对权势relativepower相邻对adjacencypair象征型用法symbolicusage小句含义clausalimplicature协商性negotiability新格莱斯会话含义理论Neo-Griceanpragmatictheoriesofconversationalimplicature新格莱斯语用学机制Neo-Griceanpragmaticapparatus心理表征mentalrepresentation信息意图informativeintention行事动词performativeverb宣告类言语行为declarations言后行为perlocutionaryact言内行为locutionaryact言外行为illocutionaryact言外之的illocutionarypoint言外之力illocutionaryforce言外之力显示手段illocutionaryforceindicatingdevices(IFIDs)言语事件speechevents言语行为speechact一般性会话含义generalizedconversationalimplicature意义sense因果的、历史的所指论CausalorHistoricalChainsTheory隐性施为句implicitperformatives优先结构preferencestructure语际语语用学interlanguagepragmatics语境context语境关系的顺应contextualcorrelatesofadaptability语码模式codemodel语篇标示discoursalindicator语篇性语用模糊discoursalambivalence语言顺应论AdaptationTheory语言结构的顺应structuralobjectsofadaptability语言能力linguisticcompetence语义学semantics语用模糊pragmaticambivalence语用能力pragmaticcompetence语用迁移pragmatictransfer语用失误pragmaticfailure语用语言迁移pragmalinguistictransfer语用语言失误pragmalinguisticfailure语用语言学pragmalinguistics与事实相反的条件句counterfactualconditionals蕴涵、推涵、衍推entailment期待的第二部分preferredsecondpart预先的元语用评论语prospectiveMPCs再表述reformulations指号designator指令类言语行为directives追溯性的元语用评论retrospectiveMPCs指示投射deicticprojection指示语/指示性词语deicticexpressions指示性用法referentialuse指示中心deicticcenter准备条件preparatorycondition着重受话人的元语用评论addressee-orientedmetapragmaticcomments(A-MPCs)着重说话人的元语用评论speaker-orientedmetapragmaticcomments(S-MPCs)自然意义naturalmeaning自我中心性egocentricity最大关联maximalrelevance最佳关联optimalrelevance配对比较pairedcomparison卡片分类cardsorting等级划分ratingscales开放性面谈openinterview引发法elicitationII.Fillintheblankswithaproperwordorwords.(2'×10＝20')1.HowdidMorrisdistinguishthreeaspectsofsemioticinquiry?TheuseofthetermisusuallyattributedtotwoAmericanphilosophersC.MorrisandR.Carnap,whofirstintroducedtheterm‘pragmatics’intheirstudyofsemioticsinthe1930s.Morrisdistinguishedthreeaspectsofsemioticinquiry,i.e.syntactics(orsyntax),beingthestudyofthe‘formalrelationofsignstooneanother’,semantics,thestudyofthe‘relationofsignstotheobjectstowhichthesignsareapplicable,andpragmatics,thestudyof‘therelationofsignstointerpreters.’2.WhatarethetwomostimportantnotionsinPragmatics?3.HowdoesP.Gricedistinguishmeanings?TheAmericanphilosopherP.Gricedistinguishesbetweenwhathecallsnaturalmeaning(meaning-n)andnon-naturalmeaning(meaning-nn).Thetwotermsparallel‘sentencemeaning’and‘speakermeaning’.4.WhatdistinctiondidFregemakein1952?TheGermanphilosopherFrege(1952)isgenerallycreditedwiththedistinctionbetween