汉代农业商品生产的群体结构及其发展水平之评估

黄今言1,王福昌2(1.,330027;2.,510642)[]汉代农业商品生产取得了明显的发展,从事农业商品生产的有专业户田庄主和小农专业农户农业商品生产所涉及的领域包括畜牧业渔业林业和园圃业等各业;田庄主不只是自给自足!,而且也广泛地进行农业商品生产;根据与市场联系的具体情况,小农可分为自给型半自给型和交换型三种,而这几种农户都有商品性的生产汉代农业商品生产的发展促进了市场的繁荣,但当时的农业商品生产又有明显的不平衡性地域性和分散性,农业商品率约为30%[]汉代;农业商品生产;群体结构;发展水平[]K234[]A[]1000422x(2003)01000110,,;,,!∀,,,,,#,,,60%,,,,,,∃%&129∃%:陆地牧马二百蹄,牛蹄角千,千足羊,泽中千彘,水居千石鱼陂,山居千章之材安邑千树枣;燕秦千树栗;蜀汉江陵千树桔;淮北常山已南,河济之间千树;陈夏千树亩漆;齐鲁千亩桑麻;渭川千亩竹;及名国万家之城,带郭千亩亩钟之田,若千亩茜,千畦姜韭:此其人皆与千户侯等,,,,,,,∋1∋[]20020623,,,,:乌氏倮畜牧,乃众,斥卖,求奇缯物,间献遗戎王戎王什倍其偿,与之畜,畜至用谷量马牛(班壹避坠于楼烦,致马牛羊数群))故北方多以∗壹+为字者,(桥姚乘官府斥开边塞之机,恣其畜牧)已致马千匹,牛倍之,羊万头,粟以万钟计−卜式者,河南人也))式入山牧十余岁,羊致千余头,买田宅.(马援)因地处田牧,至有牛马羊数千头,谷数万斛/,,,,,:水居千石鱼陂!注引∃正义%曰:言波泽养鱼,一岁收得千石鱼卖也!0陈在楚夏之交,通鱼盐之货,其民多贾1(建武三年)寇恩为候粟君载鱼之得卖!,一次即载鱼五千头!,,,,,,,:江南之楠梓竹箭))待商而通今京师贵戚,必欲江南木需梓豫章之木边远下土,亦竞相放效夫木需梓豫章,所出殊远,伐之高山,引之穷谷,处海乘淮,逆河沂洛,工匠刻,连累日月,会众而后动,多牛而后致,重且千斤,功将万夫,而东至乐浪,西至敦煌,费力伤农于万里之地!,,,:召平者,故秦东陵侯秦破,为布衣,贫,种瓜于长安城东瓜美,故世俗谓之东陵瓜!从召平以为名∀∃襄阳记%载:李衡遣客十人在武陵龙阳汜洲上作宅,种甘橘千株,吴未,衡甘橘成,岁得绢数千匹!#(),!,!!!!!!!250,!50,!167,!,,!7000,3000,250∃,,!,1550(),,,,,%,,,,,,,,!,,,!&,,,∋,,!,(),,∋2∋,,,,!!(,!(),,,,20%∃%69∃%:,,,!(,,∃%72∃%:,,,,,,!(!!!,!:,,,!:20%,,,,,,,!,,,,,,,,,,!(∀()(),,,,,!(#,,,,,,,!(∃:,!;,,,,,,:灌夫诸所交通,无非豪桀大猾家累数千万,食客日数十百人陂池田园,宗族宾客为权利,横于颖川!(%恽既失爵位,家居治产业,起室宅,以财自娱(他自称):身率妻子,戮力耕桑,灌园治产,以给公上(&(樊重)世善农稼,好货殖重性温厚,有法度三世共财,子孙朝夕礼敬,常若公家其营理产业,物无所弃,课役童隶,各得其宜,故能上下戮力,财利岁倍,至乃开广田土三百顷其所起庐舍,皆有重堂高阁,陂渠灌注又池鱼牧畜,有求必给尝欲作器物,先种梓漆,时人嗤之,然积以岁月,皆得其用,向之笑者咸求假焉赀至巨万,而赈赡宗族,恩加乡里(∋另据∃水经注%∗)卷29∃比水注%载樊氏田庄内:广起庐舍,高楼连阁,池陂灌溉,竹木成林,六畜放牧,鱼蠃利果,檀棘桑麻,闭门成市∋3∋(梁冀)广开园囿,采土筑山,十里九陂,以像二崤,深林绝涧,有若自然,奇禽驯兽,飞走其间))又多拓林苑,禁同王家,西至弘农,东界荥阳,南极鲁阳,北达河淇,包含山薮,远带丘荒,周旋封域,殆将千里又起菟苑于河南城西,经亘数十里,发属县卒徒,缮修楼观,数年乃成∗,,,,,∃%∗,:::()::::::()::,,,,,(30000),3,3000023=900003,36,900002500(90000/36),90000,9000000!!!!!!!,1000,,,,,,!,!∗!,,!,!∃∋%:豪人之室,连栋数百,膏田满野,奴婢千群,徒附万计船车贾贩,周于四方;废居积贮,满于都城琦赂宝货,巨室不能容;马牛羊豕,山谷不能受妖童美妾,填乎绮宝;倡讴伎乐,列乎深堂宾客待见而不敢去,车骑交错而不敢进三牲之肉,臭而不可食;清醇之酎,败而不可饮∗∀!,,!,!,,,;,!,,;,!,!,,,,,!,,,,,,!,,,,,,,,,,,,∋4∋!,,,,,,,,,,,∗#,,,!:∃∋%:,,!∗∃∃∋%:,;,!∗%∃∋%:,,!∗&∃∋%∗∋:,!!,!!!,,!,:,,,,,!!:(1)!,(2)!,(3)!+),黄霸为颖川太守:为条教,置父老师帅伍长,班行之于民间,劝以为善防奸之意,及务耕桑,节用殖财,种树畜养,去其谷马!+龚遂为渤海太守:见齐俗奢侈,好末技,不田作乃躬率以俭约,劝民务农桑,令口种一树榆,百本薤,五十本葱,一畦韭家二母彘五鸡!+王景为庐江太守:驱率吏民,修起芜废,教用犁耕!又训令蚕织,为作法制,皆著于乡亭!+!,!,,!,,60,+∀:120?108064648001.8900520003601060074202401170636072004000770013809463601120010386∋5∋,,,11200,10386,,,,,,,,60,,,,,100!,,,,,()()(),,12023300+#,,,:32120+2223+300=70622120+3223+300=60911,11,,,,,,:姚俊常种瓜菜灌园以供衣食!+∃步骘避难江南,单身穷困,种瓜自给!+%;;;+&,,!!,,,,,!,,,,,,,,,,,,公孙弘))家贫,牧豕海上+∋孙期))家贫,事母至孝,牧豕于大泽中以奉养焉远人从其学者,皆执经垄畔以追之,)孙钟,富春人,与母居,至孝,笃信,种瓜为业,,,,!,,,,,,,,,!,?:夫用贫求富,农不如工,工不如商,刺绣文不如倚市门,此言末业,贫者之资也,!∋6∋,,,!:余就医偃师,道经陈留,此境人皆以种蓝,染绀为业蓝田弥望,黍稷不植,∀三国时魏人赵歧∃三辅决录%载马氏兄弟五人,共居此地,作客宅,养猪,卖豚故民谓之曰:苑中三公,钜下二卿,五门,但闻豚声!,#∃列仙传%载洛人祝鸡翁,养鸡百馀年,有鸡千余头))卖鸡及子,得千馀万,辄置钱去,之吴,作养鱼池!,∃,,,,!!!!!,,,,,,,,,,,,:,,,!,,,!,,,,∃%∃%∃%∃%,,∃%∃%100,∃%,∃%70,∃%90,∃%60,∃∋%:通邑大都,酤一岁千酿,醯酱千工瓦,浆千詹瓦,屠牛羊彘千皮,贩谷粜千钟,薪千车,船长千丈,木千章,竹竿万个,其轺车百乘,牛车千辆,木器髹者千杖,铜器千钧,素木铁器若茜千石,马蹄千,牛千足,羊彘千双,僮手指千,筋角丹砂千斤;其帛絮细布千钧,文彩千匹,榻布皮革千石,漆千斗,曲盐豉千,鲐千斤,鲰千石,鲍千钧,枣栗千石者三之,狐鼯裘千皮,羔羊裘千石,旃席千具,佗果菜千钟,子贷金钱千贯;节驵会,贪贾三之,廉者五之;此亦比千乘之家,%,,:::():∋7∋::,,∃%,,::()::,&,,,,,,,,;∃%,,,,,,,!,∋,,,,,,,,,!,,!,,!,,,,,!!,30%,,,,,,,,,,(),,:,−),:40%-45%,27.7%27.5%,17.7%−,27%,,,,,,∋8∋,,27%,?,11200,,2386,5,2000,2.51000,2386,,33863386/11200,30%44%,14%−,,,,,:(),!,21404.87%5.07%,!,,,!−!,,(),!,,!,,,,∃%9∃%:,,,,!−∀40,60,2400,200,24200,4000−#,40,1.7,!,(),,,,,!,,:∀∃%1972,3381#,∃%∃%19971;∃%∃%19883&19593272,(∃%129∃%3260,∃%100∃%19624198,−∃%129∃%3280.∃%58∃%2624/∃%24∃%1962,0∃%129∃%32721∃%129∃%3267∃!%∃%19781∃∋%,∃%19583!∃∋%,∃%49∃%1636∀∃%53∃%2017#∃%48∃∋%,19591156∃∃%∃%∃%∃%∃%∋9∋,,%∃%1993302&∃%58∃%26242626∋∃%1989226()∃%24∃%480-481(∃%129∃%3182(2241(!3075(∀∃%32∃%1133(#∃%81∃%3349(∃∃%70∃%2257(%∃%107∃%2847(&∃%66∃%2894(∋∃%32∃%1119∗)1995444∗∃%34∃%1182∗∃%1956∗!∃%15∃%573∗∀∃%49∃%1648∗#∃%∃%19861;∃%∃%19881∗∃1130∗%1128∗&103∗∋96+)∃∋%,19802666:,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,!+∃%89∃∋%3629+∃%89∃∋%3640+!∃%76∃∋%2466+∀∃%∃%200036-37+#∃%1988211-225+∃∃%87,19821502+%∃%87,19821502+&∃%129∃%3252-3253+∋∃%58∃%2613,)∃%79∃∋%2554,∃%87,19821503,,,,,!,!,:,,!∃%8∃%387,:!∃%8∃%344!!!,!,!!,!∃%129∃%3274,∀∃%,∃%∃%621958814,#∃%903,19604006,∃∃%2000,%∃%129∃%3274,&∃%∃%1989;∃%∃%19942,∋∃%129∃%3270−)∃%∃%,198924−∃,%∃%20013,∃%2001123−∃%1997116-123−!∃%1972693−∀1989100−#∃%∃%200033∋10∋