西华师大《英国文学》part.10-维多利亚时期

HISTORYANDANTHOLOGYOFENGLISHLITERATUREZhaoYong-gangTheVictorianAge—CriticalRealisminEngland•SocialBackground•GreatEnglishRealistsAndTheirworksDefinition:WhatisVictorianAge?QueenVictorianwastherulerofEnglishfrom1837to1901,soitiscustomarytocallthewritingproducedduringthislongstretchofyearsVictorianliterature.Threephases1.theEarlyVictorianPeriod(1832—1848),atimeoftroubles;2.theMid—VictorianPeriod(1848—1870),atimeofeconomicprosperingandreligiouscontroversy;3.theLastPeriod(1870—1901),atimecharacterizedbydecayofVictorianvalues.Inthisperiodofintenseclassstruggleappearedanewliterarytrend—criticalrealismSocialBackground•AfterTheIndustrialRevolution,Englandbecameatypicalcapitalistcountry.•Socialeconomywasdevelopingrapidly,however,thelivingconditionsoftheworkersdidnotgrowbetterandbecamesteadilyworse.•Thegreatmiseryoftheworkersledtoanupsurgeoflabormovementsandtheorganizationoftheworkersintounion.CharlesDickensFamilyLife•Sonofapettynavyofficeclerk.•Attheageoften,leaveschooltoworkatablackingfactory.•In1827,Charlesenteredalawyer’soffice,andlaterbecameaParliamentaryreporterfornewspaper.•17novels•Editororownerofseveralnewspapersandmagazines•In1870,diedofoverworkliterarycareerThreeperiods.•TheFirstPeriod(1836-1841):youthfuloptimism•Alltheevilsofthecapitalistworldwouldberemediedifonlymentreatedeachotherwithkindliness,justice,andsympatheticunderstanding.•Thewholesocialquestionwouldbesolvedifonlyeveryemployerreformedhimselfaccordingtothemodelsetbythebenevolentgentlemeninhisnovelsandifonlytherichusedtheirpowerandwealthsympatheticallytoassistthepoortoescapefrompoverty.•Thisnaïveoptimismisthecharacteristicofthepetty-bourgeoishumanitariansofhistime.1836SketchesbyBoz1836-37PickwickPapers:legalfraud1837-38OliverTwist:thedehumanizingworkhousesystemandthedark,criminalunderworldlife1838-39NicholasNickleby”theYorkshireSchoolwherechildrenarenottaughtanythingbutactuallyenslavedatthemaster’shouse1840-41OldCuriosityShop1841BarnabyRudge•TheSecondPeriod(1842-1850):ofexcitementandirritation(greatanger)•MadeatriptoAmerica.Beforethevisit,hethoughtoftheUnitedStatesasaworldinwhichtherewerenoclassdivisionandhumanrelationswerehumanitarian.•Butwhatimpressedhimmostduringhisvisittherewastheruleofthedollarandtheenormouslycorruptioninfluenceofwealthandpower.Vulgarselfishness,whichprevailedeverywhere,concealedthefinequalitiesofthepeople.•Naïveoptimismtowardthecapitalistsocietywasprofoundlyshaken•1842AmericanNotes•1843-45MartinChuzzlewit:themoney-worshipthatdominatespeople’slife,corruptstheyoungandbringstragedytoMr.Dombey'sfamily•1843AChristmasCarol(aChristmasbook)•1844TheChimes(aChristmasbook)•1845TheCricketontheHearth(aChristmasbook)•1846-48DombeyandSon•1849-50DavidCopperfield:thedebtor'sprison•TheThirdPeriod(1852-1870):showingintensifying(increasing)pessimismTheattackbecomesmoreurgentandpassionate,andthisurgencycreatesnovelsofgreatcompactnessandconcentration.AsDickens“exploresmorebleaklyableakerworld,”therearefewerjokesandthecomedybecomesharsher.Thehappyendingistherenomore.•1852-53BleakHouse:thelegalsystemandpracticesthataimatdevouringeverypennyoftheclients•1854HardTime:theUtilitarianprinciplethatrulesovertheEnglisheducationsystemanddestroysyoungheartsandminds•1855-57LittleDorrit:thegovernmentalbrancheswhichrunanindefiniteprocedureofmanagementofaffairsandkeeptheinnocentinprisonforlife•1859ATaleofTwoCites•1860-61GreatExpectations:theoverwhelmingsocialenvironment,whichbringsmoraldegenerationanddestructiontopeople•1864-65OurMutualFriend•1870EdwinDroodCharlesDickens’ssecondnovelandalsoisthefirstnovelintheEnglishlanguagetocentrethroughoutonachildprotagonistandisalsonotableforDickens'sunromanticportrayalofcriminalsandtheirsordidlives.MainCharacters•奥利弗·特威斯特（OliverTwist）影片的主人公•班布尔（Mr.Bumble）教​区执事•甘菲尔德(Mr.Gamfield)扫烟筒的人•杰克·道金斯（机灵鬼）(Dodger)神偷•费根(Fagin)小偷的头儿•南希(Nancy)小偷（比尔·赛克斯的妻子，良心发现后来变好了）•比尔·赛克斯(BillSikes)费根的朋友•布朗罗(Mr.Brownlow)绅士•露西·梅丽(Mrs.Maylie)奥利弗的亲小姨plot•Workhouseandfirstjob•London,Dodger/Fagin/SikesBrownlow/NancyRose/•MysteryMonks•ResolutionApoorchildnamedOliverTwist.Hewasborninaworkhouseandbroughtupundermiserableconditions.Afterexperiencinganunhappyapprenticeshiptoanundertaker,herunsawaytoLondon,wherehefallsintothehandsofagangofthieves.Thenheismadetobeapickpocket.AbenevolentricholdmancalledMr.Brownlowrescueshimandtakeshimhome,butthethieveskidnaphimandmakehimjointhemonceagain.AbadpersonnamedMonks,whoturnsouttobeOliver’shalf-brother,helpsthethievesinkeepingOliverinthegang,inordertoruinhimandobtainthewholeofhisfather’sproperty.ThenOliverismadetohelponeofthethievesinbreakingintoalady’shouse.Hegetswounded,andcomesintothehandsofaladywhoturnsouttobehisaunt.FinallythethievesinthegangarepunishedandOliver’shalf-brotheriscompelledtoconfesshisevildoingsandputintoprison.OliveisadoptedbyMr.Brownlow.AnalysisThisnovelisapowerfulexposureofbourgeoissociety.Itshowstheextremebrutalityandcorruptionoftheoppressorsandtheiragentsunderthemaskofphilanthropy.CharlesDickensgivesvividdescriptionsofthesufferingsofthepoorandoppressed.WeseethattheDickens,whilesympathizingwiththemiserieso